Napoleon Terms Flashcards
Napoleon Bonaparte
1799 to1814; born in Corsica to an Italian family; military genius; scholarship to French military academy and graduated as Lieutenant; became Captain by 1792, and became Brigadier Captain by 1794; saved National Convention from Parisian Mob and was promoted to Commander of Interior and the Army of Italy; married Josephine de Beauharnais; Conquers Northern Italy for France in the Italian Campaign 1796 to 1797; defeated in 1798 in Naval portion of the Battle of the Nile then abandoned his troops, but still received as a hero; launched coup d’état while government was in turmoil; proclaimed self as First Consul and then Emperor; came up with Napoleonic code; Concordat of 1801
Consulate Period
when Napoleon created the Government of Consulate consisting of Council of State, Tribunate, Legislature, and Senate
First Consule
Napolean declared himself this before doing away with the elected assembly
Napoleonic Code
1804; Divides civil law into personal, property, and the aquisition of property; no estates, guilds, or hereditarty offices; careers open to talent
Careers Open to Talent
anyone (male) could rise in the goverment if they had talent; middle class benefitted greatly; many were welcome, no sans culottee
Concordat of 1801
Napolean wanted to heal divisions within Catholic Church that had developed after confiscation
Bank of France
Napoleon established the banque de France, 1800-purpose was to be a central baking mechanism that would help stabilize credit and stabilize the French economy; He balances the national budget; He established sound currency, this was an improvement because during the revolution banknotes were used and they were not with much because of inflation; he made sure food prices remained low; makes sure church land remains in the hands of its owners so the church doesn’t get it back; tax collection is more efficient
Lycees
established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform; initially enrolled the nations most talented students (they had to pay tuition although there was some financial help available for porter students); trained the nation’s future bureaucrats; idea is to educate people so they would be prepared for a profession if to work in the government (all for boys); basically the state is taking control of the education
War of Second Coalition
battle of the nile1789; Treaty of Luneville 1801:it ended the war of the second coalition; Austria loses all of its Italian possessions to France
Battle of the Nile
1798; Napoleon defeated in 1798 in Naval portion of the Battle of the Nile then abandoned his troops
Treaty of Luneville
1801:it ended the war of the second coalition
Treaty of Amiens
British motives~ they want to reopen trade with the continent; Britain returns some Caribbean islands in response to Napoleon not interfering with their trade; Britain recognized French Control of Holland, Austrian Netherlands, West Bank of Rhine; Britain didn’t get the trade they were expecting, since the commerce didn’t expand; Britain starts violating the treaty because they didn’t give Malta back. This is eventually the trigger point for the war to resume; the Swiss confederation is reorganized; slave rebellion in Haiti
Jacques-Louis David
Napoleon Crossing he Saint Bernard Pass; the official court painter; painting brings upon the empire style of painting. It lays heavy on neoclassicism but uses warmer colors
Grand Empire
by Napoleon; constant warfare; extends France’s empire to the Rhine river; Joseph Bonaparte-king of Spain 1807~ Jerome Bonaparte-king if Westphalia~ Louis Bonaparte-king of Holland~ Caroline-queen on Naples~ step son Eugene-Venice, Lombardy and the papal estates~ all of these people are his family; Napoleon could have tried to unify Italy but he decided not to because he thought an unified Italy would be a threat; other states include Warder and Illyrian provinces; Austria Prussia and Russia at different times will either be his enemies or allies
War of the Third Coalition
1803 began preparations to invade Great Britain; 1805 Austria signed an alliance with Britain; coalition was complete with the addition of Russia: czar Alexander I and Sweden; French conquest of Italy convinces Russia and Austria that Napoleon threatened the balance of power
Battle of Trafalgar
the combined French and Spanish fleet are beaten by the British; Lord Nelson and French navy lost; makes Britain’s army powerful and hurts France’s navy; Nelson dies in battle.
Lord Horatio Nelson
fought in Battle of Trafalgar; leader of French Navy; died in battle
Battle of Austerlitz
France defeated Austria and Russia (December 1805) caused the collapse of the third coalition of Britain Austria and Russia
Arc de Triomphe
commissioned in 1806 in commemoration of his (Napoleon) victory at Austerlitz; example of neoclassicism; emphasizes the conquest of an empire; completed in the 1803
Treaty of Tilsit
list half of the population in lands ceded to France; Russia accepted napoleons reorganization Western and Central Europe; Russia agreed to accept napoleons continental system; represented the height of napoleons success; France and Russia becomes allies against Britain; Alexander I accepted napoleons domination of Western Europe; France continued to occupy Berlin and enjoyed increased control of western Germany.
Confederation of the Rhine
there were 300 German states but Napoleon consolidated them into 15 states (minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony); Napoleon was named “Protector of the Confederation”
Continental System
goal is to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe; 1806 he issues the Britain decree; British ships weren’t allowed in European ports; Napoleon was trying to have them not be able to make money; “Order of Council” 1806; Milan decree (1807); these edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war in Britain, the War of 1812; the continental system was ultimately a failure; it triggers antagonism against Napoleon because it destroyed industries and makes a lot of economic problems; Britain didn’t lose a lot of trade from this.
Order in Council
Britain proclaimed any ship not stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent
Milan Decree
Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent
Peninsular War
1806: France ->continental system
Russian Campaign
the retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleons disastrous Russian campaign (1812-1813); Russia started allowing trade with the British so Napoleon had to punish them; in July 1912 Napoleon led his Grand Army of 614,000 men eastward across Central Europe and into Russia; the Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon; they retreated to Moscow drawing the French into the interior is Russia hoping that its size and weather would act as “support” for the Russian czar; the Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped from food
Battle of Borodino
Russian general Kutuzov; the Russian troops get to withdraw, proves that Napoleon is overextended and after the battle of Borodino he had to retreat; though Boone militarily won, France lost because they had to retreat
War of the Fourth Coalition
1813-1814: France-> napoleons defeat
Battle of Leipzig
October 16-16,1813; the largest battle in history up until this point in time; known also as Battle of Nations; Napoleon defeated
Frankfurt Proposals
Napoleon refused to accept the terms if Austrian foreign minister Metternich to reduce France to its historical size in return for him remaining on the throne; basically Napoleon gets to stay in power if he doesn’t try to conquer any more people but he refused
Quadruple Alliance
created March 1814: they each promise to send 100,000 troops to go and invade France
Louis XVIII
Bourbon king of France 1814 to 1824; brother to King Louis XVI; During the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era, ___ lived in exile in Prussia, the United Kingdom and Russia; When the Sixth Coalition finally defeated Napoleon, ___was restored to what he, and Royalists, considered his rightful place; Napolean escaped from his exile in Elba, marched on Paris and restored the French Empire so ___ fled and a Seventh Coalition declared war on the French Empire, defeated Napoleon and for a second time restored ___on the French throne
Charter of 1814
king created a 2 house legislature that represented the upper classes; first constitution in European history issued by a monarch; restoration of the bourbon monarchy kept napoleons reforms such as the code Napoleon, the concordat with the people and the abolition of feudalism
“First” Treaty of Paris
1814- France surrendered, all territory gained since 1792 ;allied powers imposed no indemnity or reparations(after Louis XVIII Refused to pay);Napoleon exiled to Elba with as a sovereign with an income from frame; quadruple alliance agrees to meet in Vienna to work out a general peace agreement
Congress of Vienna
objectives was to undo everything that Napoleon had done; reduce France to its old boundaries; frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level; restore as many if the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoleonic era; supported the resolution ‘there is always an alternative to conflict’
Legitimacy
Bourbon dynasty are restored in France Spain and Naples; some Holland dynasties are restored
Compensation
reward countries that made sacrifices to defeat Napoleon; coalition members get land; England gets naval bases and Cape of Good Hope; Austria gets back its list province of Lombardy and Venezia and part of Poland and some things on the Adriatic coast; Russia gets most of Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, and the Rhineland, and Alexander gets to be king; Prussia gets three-fifths of Saxony and the other part of Poland; Sweden gets Norway
Balance of Power
rearrange the map of Europe so there would never be any kind if incident that would cause Europe to get in a war again; make France smaller and surrounded by powerful countries; Switzerland chooses to be neutral forever and ever; creation of the German confederation, Austria is in charge of them instead of Napoleon~ 39 countries are in it. They’re sovereign; Sardinia is restored to its territory; Britain ends up being the most powerful and they take over as leader if the European world
German Confederation (Bund)
union of German states provided for at the Congress of Vienna to replace HRE, which had been destroyed during French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars; made of 39 states
Berlin Decree
issued by Napoleon on November 21, 1806; forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe; failed because he could not control all of Europe
1799 to1814; born in Corsica to an Italian family; military genius; scholarship to French military academy and graduated as Lieutenant; became Captain by 1792, and became Brigadier Captain by 1794; saved National Convention from Parisian Mob and was promoted to Commander of Interior and the Army of Italy; married Josephine de Beauharnais; Conquers Northern Italy for France in the Italian Campaign 1796 to 1797; defeated in 1798 in Naval portion of the Battle of the Nile then abandoned his troops, but still received as a hero; launched coup d’état while government was in turmoil; proclaimed self as First Consul and then Emperor; came up with Napoleonic code; Concordat of 1801
Napoleon Bonaparte
when Napoleon created the Government of Consulate consisting of Council of State, Tribunate, Legislature, and Senate
Consulate Period
Napolean declared himself this before doing away with the elected assembly
First Consule
1804; Divides civil law into personal, property, and the aquisition of property; no estates, guilds, or hereditarty offices; careers open to talent
Napoleonic Code
anyone (male) could rise in the goverment if they had talent; middle class benefitted greatly; many were welcome, no sans culottee
Careers Open to Talent
Napolean wanted to heal divisions within Catholic Church that had developed after confiscation
Concordat of 1801
Napoleon established the banque de France, 1800-purpose was to be a central baking mechanism that would help stabilize credit and stabilize the French economy; He balances the national budget; He established sound currency, this was an improvement because during the revolution banknotes were used and they were not with much because of inflation; he made sure food prices remained low; makes sure church land remains in the hands of its owners so the church doesn’t get it back; tax collection is more efficient
Bank of France
established by Napoleon in 1801 as an educational reform; levees initially enrolled the nations nose talented students (they had to pay tuition although there was some financial help available for porter students); lycées trained the nation’s future bureaucrats; idea is to educate people so they would be prepared for a profession if to work in the government (all for boys); basically the state is taking control of the education
Lycees
battle of the nile1789; Treaty of Luneville 1801; Austria loses all of its Italian possessions to France
War of Second Coalition
1798; Napoleon defeated in 1798 in Naval portion of the __________ then abandoned his troops
Battle of the Nile
1801:it ended the war of the second coalition
Treaty of Luneville
British motives~ they want to reopen trade with the continent; Britain returns some Caribbean islands in response to Napoleon not interfering with their trade; Britain recognized French Control of Holland, Austrian Netherlands, West Bank of Rhine; Britain didn’t get the trade they were expecting, since the commerce didn’t expand; Britain starts violating the treaty because they didn’t give Malta back. This is eventually the trigger point for the war to resume; the Swiss confederation is reorganized; slave rebellion in Haiti
Treaty of Amiens
Napoleon Crossing he Saint Bernard Pass; the official court painter; painting brings upon the empire style of painting. It lays heavy on neoclassicism but uses warmer colors
Jacques-Louis David
by Napoleon; constant warfare; extends France’s empire to the Rhine river; Joseph Bonaparte-king of Spain 1807~ Jerome Bonaparte-king if Westphalia~ Louis Bonaparte-king of Holland~ Caroline-queen on Naples~ step son Eugene-Venice, Lombardy and the papal estates~ all of these people are his family; Napoleon could have tried to unify Italy but he decided not to because he thought an unified Italy would be a threat; other states include Warder and Illyrian provinces; Austria Prussia and Russia at different times will either be his enemies or allies
Grand Empire
1803 began preparations to invade Great Britain; 1805 Austria signed an alliance with Britain; coalition was complete with the addition of Russia: czar Alexander I and Sweden; French conquest of Italy convinces Russia and Austria that Napoleon threatened the balance of power
War of the Third Coalition
the combined French and Spanish fleet are beaten by the British; Lord Nelson and French navy lost; makes Britain’s army powerful and hurts France’s navy; Nelson dies in battle.
Battle of Trafalgar
fought in Battle of Trafalgar; leader of French Navy; died in battle
Lord Horatio Nelson
France defeated Austria and Russia (December 1805) caused the collapse of the third coalition of Britain Austria and Russia
Battle of Austerlitz
commissioned in 1806 in commemoration of his (Napoleon) victory at Austerlitz; example of neoclassicism; emphasizes the conquest of an empire; completed in the 1803
Arc de Triomphe
list half of the population in lands ceded to France; Russia accepted napoleons reorganization Western and Central Europe; Russia agreed to accept napoleons continental system; represented the height of napoleons success; France and Russia becomes allies against Britain; Alexander I accepted napoleons domination of Western Europe; France continued to occupy Berlin and enjoyed increased control of western Germany.
Treaty of Tilsit
there were 300 German states but Napoleon consolidated them into 15 states (minus Austria, Prussia, and Saxony); Napoleon was named “Protector of the Confederation”
Confederation of the Rhine
goal is to isolate Britain and promote Napoleon’s mastery over Europe; 1806 he issues the Britain decree; British ships weren’t allowed in European ports; Napoleon was trying to have them not be able to make money; “Order of Council” 1806; Milan decree (1807); these edicts eventually led to the United States declaring war in Britain, the War of 1812; the continental system was ultimately a failure; it triggers antagonism against Napoleon because it destroyed industries and makes a lot of economic problems; Britain didn’t lose a lot of trade from this.
Continental System
Britain proclaimed any ship not stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent
Order in Council
Napoleon proclaimed any ship stopping in Britain would be seized when it entered the continent
Milan Decree
1806: France ->continental system; a military conflict between France and the allied powers of Spain, the United Kingdom, and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars
Peninsular War
the retreat from Spain came on the heels of Napoleons disastrous _____________ (1812-1813); Russia started allowing trade with the British so Napoleon had to punish them; in July 1912 Napoleon led his Grand Army of 614,000 men eastward across Central Europe and into Russia; the Russians avoided a direct confrontation with Napoleon; they retreated to Moscow drawing the French into the interior is Russia hoping that its size and weather would act as “support” for the Russian czar; the Russian nobles abandoned their estates and burned their crops to the ground, leaving the French to operate far from their supply bases in territory stripped from food
Russian Campaign
Russian general Kutuzov; the Russian troops get to withdraw, proves that Napoleon is overextended and after the _______ he had to retreat; though Boone militarily won, France lost because they had to retreat
Battle of Borodino
Napoleon’s French Empire was defeated in a war spanning 1806–1807. Coalition partners included Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
War of the Fourth Coalition
October 16-16,1813; the largest battle in history up until this point in time; known also as Battle of Nations; Napoleon defeated
Battle of Leipzig
Napoleon refused to accept the terms if Austrian foreign minister Metternich to reduce France to its historical size in return for him remaining on the throne; basically Napoleon gets to stay in power if he doesn’t try to conquer any more people but he refused
Frankfurt Proposals
created March 1814: they each promise to send 100,000 troops to go and invade France
Quadruple Alliance
Bourbon king of France 1814 to 1824; brother to King Louis XVI; During the French Revolution and the Napoleonic era, ___ lived in exile in Prussia, the United Kingdom and Russia; When the Sixth Coalition finally defeated Napoleon, ___was restored to what he, and Royalists, considered his rightful place; Napolean escaped from his exile in Elba, marched on Paris and restored the French Empire so ___ fled and a Seventh Coalition declared war on the French Empire, defeated Napoleon and for a second time restored ___on the French throne
Louis XVIII
king created a 2 house legislature that represented the upper classes; first constitution in European history issued by a monarch; restoration of the bourbon monarchy kept napoleons reforms such as the code Napoleon, the concordat with the people and the abolition of feudalism
Charter of 1814
1814- France surrendered, all territory gained since 1792 ;allied powers imposed no indemnity or reparations(after Louis XVIII Refused to pay);Napoleon exiled to Elba with as a sovereign with an income from frame; quadruple alliance agrees to meet in Vienna to work out a general peace agreement
“First” Treaty of Paris
objectives was to undo everything that Napoleon had done; reduce France to its old boundaries; frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level; restore as many if the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoleonic era; supported the resolution ‘there is always an alternative to conflict’
Congress of Vienna
Bourbon dynasty are restored in France Spain and Naples; some Holland dynasties are restored
Legitimacy
reward countries that made sacrifices to defeat Napoleon; coalition members get land; England gets naval bases and Cape of Good Hope; Austria gets back its list province of Lombardy and Venezia and part of Poland and some things on the Adriatic coast; Russia gets most of Poland, Finland, Bessarabia, and the Rhineland, and Alexander gets to be king; Prussia gets three-fifths of Saxony and the other part of Poland; Sweden gets Norway
Compensation
rearrange the map of Europe so there would never be any kind if incident that would cause Europe to get in a war again; make France smaller and surrounded by powerful countries; Switzerland chooses to be neutral forever and ever; creation of the German confederation, Austria is in charge of them instead of Napoleon~ 39 countries are in it. They’re sovereign; Sardinia is restored to its territory; Britain ends up being the most powerful and they take over as leader if the European world
Balance of Power
union of German states provided for at the Congress of Vienna to replace HRE, which had been destroyed during French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars; made of 39 states
German Confederation (Bund)
issued by Napoleon on November 21, 1806; forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe; failed because he could not control all of Europe
Berlin Decree
“Second” Treaty of Paris, 1815
deal harshly with the French; minor changes of the frontiers previously agreed to; France has to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs for loss of life
deal harshly with the French; minor changes of the frontiers previously agreed to; France has to pay an indemnity of 700,000,000 francs for loss of life
“Second’ Treaty of Paris
Concert of Europe
idea is to entire the status quo that the congress if Vienna decided on; extremely conservative
idea is to entire the status quo that the congress if Vienna decided on; extremely conservative
Concert of Europe
Congress System
series of meetings to monitor the status quo; collective security: Britain eventually withdraws ; critics-said it repressed nationalism; success-maintained the balance I power until Germany unified. Kept people out of war until World War I
series of meetings to monitor the status quo; collective security: Britain eventually withdraws ; critics-said it repressed nationalism; success-maintained the balance I power until Germany unified. Kept people out of war until World War I
Congress System
‘Holy Alliance’
czar Alexander I proposed that all monarchs sign a statement agreeing to uphold Christian principles of charity ad peace throughout Europe; all signed except the Pope, Britain, and the sultan; Alexander was that only one that really took it seriously; liberals saw it as an unholy alliance against liberty and progress
czar Alexander I proposed that all monarchs sign a statement agreeing to uphold Christian principles of charity ad peace throughout Europe; all signed except the Pope, Britain, and the sultan; Alexander was that only one that really took it seriously; liberals saw it as an unholy alliance against liberty and progress
‘Holy Alliance’
Alexander I
