Ideologies and Revolutions Flashcards
(44 cards)
reaction to liberalism and popular alternative for those frightened by the violence, terror, and social disorder of the French Revolution; Edmund Burke
Conservatism
first major theory in Western thought that saw the individual as self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well being were sole reasons for the existence of society
Liberalism
sought to turn cultural unity into self-government; common language, history and traditions would bring about unity and common loyalty; supported by liberals and democrats; immediate origins in French Revolution; Johann Gottfried Herder regarded as father of modern ________-
Nationalism
ran by the ‘Big Four’ aka Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria; Metternich came from Austria, Lord Cartleraegh from England, and Czar Alexander I from Russia; had a dancing congress; the principles were legitimacy, compensation, and the balance of power; restored balance of power until 1871; Set up anti-world war system for many years; repress nationalism and liberalism
Congress of Vienna
representative for Austria at Congress of Vienna; likes conservatism
Klemens von Metternich
the principles for the Congress of Vienna
- Legitimacy, compensation, balance of power
made by the Congress of Vienna to try to balance German power
German Confederation (Bund)
lasted from the end of the Congress of Vienna to the Crimean War of the 1850’s; series of arrangements to enforce the Congress of Vienna’s defined status quo; came up with Quadruple Alliance, Holy Alliance, and Congress System
Concert of Europe
consisted of Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria; concerted action against threat to peace or power balance
Quadruple Alliance
series of meetings held by great power to monitor/defend status quo; fell apart when England withdrew support in 1822
Congress System
crackdown on nationalistic or conservatory idea; were not allowed to discuss liberal and nationalistic ideas in German Universities; no publication on things of unification
Carlsbad Diet
Conservatists; passed corn laws: halted importation of cheaper foreign grains
Tories
passed by Tories; halted importation of cheaper foreign grains
Corn Laws
1819- 1819; anti corn law rally; police and Calvary sent to break it up; 11 killed, 400 wounded; tighten censorship in press, outlaw mass meetings; Britain on verge of repressive authoritive state
Peterloo Massacre
Czar Alexander I extremely conservative; assassinated 1825; Nicholas I is heir ; junior military officers don’t want absolute monarch and try to stop; Nicholas from becoming czar; Failed
Decemberist Uprising
Wealth of Nations, 1776; laissez faire, government needs to stay out; ‘invisible hand’
Adam Smith
“iron law of wages”; thinks so many workers, wages remain low
David Ricardo
supporter of poor laws; created utilitarianism; died 1842; ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’
Jeremy Bentham
wrote On Liberty in 1859; argued for absolute freedom of opinion to be protected from government censorship and the tyranny of authority
John Stuart Mill
regarded as father of modern nationalism; created Volksgeist; saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character; thought no superior culture and every nation should be sovereign and contain only members of same nationality
Johann Herder
saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character
Volksgeist
father of German nationalism; Germans superior to all especially Jews
Johann Fichte
secret liberal nationalist organizations against absolute monarch; led revolt against Ferdinand I
Carbonari
Europeans concerned with Eastern Question, which of the Europeans countries will fill void in Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; England France and Russia accepted Greece’s Christian appeal and joined into united force that defeated Egyptian and Turkish naval forces; ended in Treaty of Adrianople
Greek Revolution