Ideologies and Revolutions

Question 1

reaction to liberalism and popular alternative for those frightened by the violence, terror, and social disorder of the French Revolution; Edmund Burke

Answer 1

Conservatism

Question 2

first major theory in Western thought that saw the individual as self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well being were sole reasons for the existence of society

Answer 2

Liberalism

Question 3

sought to turn cultural unity into self-government; common language, history and traditions would bring about unity and common loyalty; supported by liberals and democrats; immediate origins in French Revolution; Johann Gottfried Herder regarded as father of modern ________-

Answer 3

Nationalism

Question 4

ran by the ‘Big Four’ aka Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria; Metternich came from Austria, Lord Cartleraegh from England, and Czar Alexander I from Russia; had a dancing congress; the principles were legitimacy, compensation, and the balance of power; restored balance of power until 1871; Set up anti-world war system for many years; repress nationalism and liberalism

Answer 4

Congress of Vienna

Question 5

representative for Austria at Congress of Vienna; likes conservatism

Answer 5

Klemens von Metternich

Question 6

the principles for the Congress of Vienna

Answer 6

8. Legitimacy, compensation, balance of power

Question 7

made by the Congress of Vienna to try to balance German power

Answer 7

German Confederation (Bund)

Question 8

lasted from the end of the Congress of Vienna to the Crimean War of the 1850’s; series of arrangements to enforce the Congress of Vienna’s defined status quo; came up with Quadruple Alliance, Holy Alliance, and Congress System

Answer 8

Concert of Europe

Question 9

consisted of Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria; concerted action against threat to peace or power balance

Answer 9

Quadruple Alliance

Question 10

series of meetings held by great power to monitor/defend status quo; fell apart when England withdrew support in 1822

Answer 10

Congress System

Question 11

crackdown on nationalistic or conservatory idea; were not allowed to discuss liberal and nationalistic ideas in German Universities; no publication on things of unification

Answer 11

Carlsbad Diet

Question 12

Conservatists; passed corn laws: halted importation of cheaper foreign grains

Answer 12

Tories

Question 13

passed by Tories; halted importation of cheaper foreign grains

Answer 13

Corn Laws

Question 14

1819- 1819; anti corn law rally; police and Calvary sent to break it up; 11 killed, 400 wounded; tighten censorship in press, outlaw mass meetings; Britain on verge of repressive authoritive state

Answer 14

Peterloo Massacre

Question 15

Czar Alexander I extremely conservative; assassinated 1825; Nicholas I is heir ; junior military officers don’t want absolute monarch and try to stop; Nicholas from becoming czar; Failed

Answer 15

Decemberist Uprising

Question 16

Wealth of Nations, 1776; laissez faire, government needs to stay out; ‘invisible hand’

Answer 16

Adam Smith

Question 17

“iron law of wages”; thinks so many workers, wages remain low

Answer 17

David Ricardo

Question 18

supporter of poor laws; created utilitarianism; died 1842; ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’

Answer 18

Jeremy Bentham

Question 19

wrote On Liberty in 1859; argued for absolute freedom of opinion to be protected from government censorship and the tyranny of authority

Answer 19

John Stuart Mill

Question 20

regarded as father of modern nationalism; created Volksgeist; saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character; thought no superior culture and every nation should be sovereign and contain only members of same nationality

Answer 20

Johann Herder

Question 21

saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character

Answer 21

Volksgeist

Question 22

father of German nationalism; Germans superior to all especially Jews

Answer 22

Johann Fichte

Question 23

secret liberal nationalist organizations against absolute monarch; led revolt against Ferdinand I

Answer 23

Carbonari

Question 24

Europeans concerned with Eastern Question, which of the Europeans countries will fill void in Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; England France and Russia accepted Greece’s Christian appeal and joined into united force that defeated Egyptian and Turkish naval forces; ended in Treaty of Adrianople

Answer 24

Greek Revolution

Question 25

which of the Europeans countries will fill void in Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 25

‘Eastern Question’

Question 26

1829; recognized Greek autonomy after Russia had defeated Turks in war; 3/5 members of Concert of Europe supported nationalism for first time

Answer 26

Treaty of Adrianople

Question 27

King Charles X- extremely liberal and wants absolute monarch; radical revolt triggered, Charles forced to abdicate throne; Louis Phillip becomes new king under constitutional monarchy, he was handpicked by upper bourgeoisie; sparked revolution wave through Europe

Answer 27

July Revolution

Question 28

handpicked by upper bourgeoisie after Charles X was forced to advocate the throne; ‘Bourgeoisie King’

Answer 28

Louis Phillipe

Question 29

Italian nationalist; led nationalist group Young Italy

Answer 29

Guisseppe Mazzini

Question 30

Italian nationalist group; led by Guiseppe Mazzini

Answer 30

Young Italy

Question 31

the movement for, and period of, political unification in Italy beginning about 1750 and culminating in the occupation of Rome by Italian troops in 1870

Answer 31

Risorgimento

Question 32

put tariffs on ‘non member’ imports; sets up free trade zone w/ no tariffs; sets stage for later German unification

Answer 32

Zollverein

Question 33

led by Earl Grey; heavily supported by middle class

Answer 33

Whigs

Question 34

led the Whig Party; was asked by the new King George IV to form new government in 1830

Answer 34

Earl Grey

Question 35

milestone in British history; spurred by cholera epidemic; increased number of voters from 6% to 12% ; eliminated unpopular rural electoral district (rotten boroughs) the supported House of Lords and replaced them with representation from the new manufacturing districts and cities; resulted in the supremacy of House of Commons over House of Lords

Answer 35

Reform Bill in 1832

Question 36

said children 9 to 13 could not work over eight hours, and children 14 to 18 could not work over twelve hours; children 8 and under hand to attend an elementary school set up by the factory owner

Answer 36

Factory Act 1833

Question 37

Prevented children under the age of ten from going underground

Answer 37

Mines Act 1842

Question 38

working class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848; it takes its name from the People’s Charter of 1838; Sought Universal suffrage; movement initially failed but all ideas adopted in late 19th and early 20th century

Answer 38

Chartists

Question 39

want to lower food prices for working class; partially encouraged by Irish Potato Famine; led by Richard Cobden and John Bright; successful but it takes a while to repeal corn laws

Answer 39

Anti-Corn Law League

Question 40

leader of Hungarians; demanded independence

Answer 40

Louis Kossuth

Question 41

part of Austria; wants independence

Answer 41

Bohemia

Question 42

1848; developed idea of austroslavism; constitution and autonomy within Hapsburg empire; Prague-Slavic congress failed to unite Slavic people in empire; Austrian military occupied Bohemia and crushed revolution

Answer 42

Praugue Conference

Question 43

king of Austria; rules over German Bund; rejects liberal constitution; claimed divine right of king

Answer 43

Fredrick William IV

Question 44

Prussia dropped German unification plan and left Austria to dominate bund; Prussia seeks revenge in 1866 Franco-Prussian War

Answer 44

Humiliation of Olmutz