Ideologies and Revolutions Flashcards
reaction to liberalism and popular alternative for those frightened by the violence, terror, and social disorder of the French Revolution; Edmund Burke
Conservatism
first major theory in Western thought that saw the individual as self-sufficient being, whose freedom and well being were sole reasons for the existence of society
Liberalism
sought to turn cultural unity into self-government; common language, history and traditions would bring about unity and common loyalty; supported by liberals and democrats; immediate origins in French Revolution; Johann Gottfried Herder regarded as father of modern ________-
Nationalism
ran by the ‘Big Four’ aka Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria; Metternich came from Austria, Lord Cartleraegh from England, and Czar Alexander I from Russia; had a dancing congress; the principles were legitimacy, compensation, and the balance of power; restored balance of power until 1871; Set up anti-world war system for many years; repress nationalism and liberalism
Congress of Vienna
representative for Austria at Congress of Vienna; likes conservatism
Klemens von Metternich
the principles for the Congress of Vienna
- Legitimacy, compensation, balance of power
made by the Congress of Vienna to try to balance German power
German Confederation (Bund)
lasted from the end of the Congress of Vienna to the Crimean War of the 1850’s; series of arrangements to enforce the Congress of Vienna’s defined status quo; came up with Quadruple Alliance, Holy Alliance, and Congress System
Concert of Europe
consisted of Russia, Prussia, England, and Austria; concerted action against threat to peace or power balance
Quadruple Alliance
series of meetings held by great power to monitor/defend status quo; fell apart when England withdrew support in 1822
Congress System
crackdown on nationalistic or conservatory idea; were not allowed to discuss liberal and nationalistic ideas in German Universities; no publication on things of unification
Carlsbad Diet
Conservatists; passed corn laws: halted importation of cheaper foreign grains
Tories
passed by Tories; halted importation of cheaper foreign grains
Corn Laws
1819- 1819; anti corn law rally; police and Calvary sent to break it up; 11 killed, 400 wounded; tighten censorship in press, outlaw mass meetings; Britain on verge of repressive authoritive state
Peterloo Massacre
Czar Alexander I extremely conservative; assassinated 1825; Nicholas I is heir ; junior military officers don’t want absolute monarch and try to stop; Nicholas from becoming czar; Failed
Decemberist Uprising
Wealth of Nations, 1776; laissez faire, government needs to stay out; ‘invisible hand’
Adam Smith
“iron law of wages”; thinks so many workers, wages remain low
David Ricardo
supporter of poor laws; created utilitarianism; died 1842; ‘the greatest happiness of the greatest number’
Jeremy Bentham
wrote On Liberty in 1859; argued for absolute freedom of opinion to be protected from government censorship and the tyranny of authority
John Stuart Mill
regarded as father of modern nationalism; created Volksgeist; saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character; thought no superior culture and every nation should be sovereign and contain only members of same nationality
Johann Herder
saw every cultural group as unique and possessing a distinct national character
Volksgeist
father of German nationalism; Germans superior to all especially Jews
Johann Fichte
secret liberal nationalist organizations against absolute monarch; led revolt against Ferdinand I
Carbonari
Europeans concerned with Eastern Question, which of the Europeans countries will fill void in Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; England France and Russia accepted Greece’s Christian appeal and joined into united force that defeated Egyptian and Turkish naval forces; ended in Treaty of Adrianople
Greek Revolution
which of the Europeans countries will fill void in Balkans resulting from the decline of the Ottoman Empire?
‘Eastern Question’
1829; recognized Greek autonomy after Russia had defeated Turks in war; 3/5 members of Concert of Europe supported nationalism for first time
Treaty of Adrianople
King Charles X- extremely liberal and wants absolute monarch; radical revolt triggered, Charles forced to abdicate throne; Louis Phillip becomes new king under constitutional monarchy, he was handpicked by upper bourgeoisie; sparked revolution wave through Europe
July Revolution
handpicked by upper bourgeoisie after Charles X was forced to advocate the throne; ‘Bourgeoisie King’
Louis Phillipe
Italian nationalist; led nationalist group Young Italy
Guisseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist group; led by Guiseppe Mazzini
Young Italy
the movement for, and period of, political unification in Italy beginning about 1750 and culminating in the occupation of Rome by Italian troops in 1870
Risorgimento
put tariffs on ‘non member’ imports; sets up free trade zone w/ no tariffs; sets stage for later German unification
Zollverein
led by Earl Grey; heavily supported by middle class
Whigs
led the Whig Party; was asked by the new King George IV to form new government in 1830
Earl Grey
milestone in British history; spurred by cholera epidemic; increased number of voters from 6% to 12% ; eliminated unpopular rural electoral district (rotten boroughs) the supported House of Lords and replaced them with representation from the new manufacturing districts and cities; resulted in the supremacy of House of Commons over House of Lords
Reform Bill in 1832
said children 9 to 13 could not work over eight hours, and children 14 to 18 could not work over twelve hours; children 8 and under hand to attend an elementary school set up by the factory owner
Factory Act 1833
Prevented children under the age of ten from going underground
Mines Act 1842
working class movement for political reform in Britain between 1838 and 1848; it takes its name from the People’s Charter of 1838; Sought Universal suffrage; movement initially failed but all ideas adopted in late 19th and early 20th century
Chartists
want to lower food prices for working class; partially encouraged by Irish Potato Famine; led by Richard Cobden and John Bright; successful but it takes a while to repeal corn laws
Anti-Corn Law League
leader of Hungarians; demanded independence
Louis Kossuth
part of Austria; wants independence
Bohemia
1848; developed idea of austroslavism; constitution and autonomy within Hapsburg empire; Prague-Slavic congress failed to unite Slavic people in empire; Austrian military occupied Bohemia and crushed revolution
Praugue Conference
king of Austria; rules over German Bund; rejects liberal constitution; claimed divine right of king
Fredrick William IV
Prussia dropped German unification plan and left Austria to dominate bund; Prussia seeks revenge in 1866 Franco-Prussian War
Humiliation of Olmutz
