Totalitarianism Flashcards
where people were expected to participate in system and support regime actively; made possible by new technology; censorship, indoctrination, and terror; either fascist or communist
totalitarianism
is traditional form of anti-democratic government in Europe (absolutism); popular participation in government was forbidden or limited; revived after WWI
conservative authoritarianism
part of totalitarianism; Russia
communism
part of totalitarianism; Italy and Germany; was Chinatown of conservative authoritarianism and modern totalitarianism; a movement characterized by extreme, often expansionist nationalism, an antisocialism aimed at destroying working-class movements, alliances with powerful capitalists and landowners, a dynamic and violent leader, and glorification of war and the military
facism
renamed Russia to the Soviet Union; abolished the old social structure and ended nobility titles; lost the influence for the Greek Orthodox Church; women gained theoretical equality; dies in 1924 and his body was displayed for many years, no successor
Lenin
theory of imperialism is imperialism is higher form of capitalism as the search for new markets and raw materials feed la bourgeoisie hunger for profit; educated professional revolutionaries; sought worldwide communist movement
Marxist-Leninist Philosophy
-served as guiding group working towards worldwide international communism
comintern
won Russia civil war; 1st mass communist society in world history; socialization of all means of production and central planning of the economy; Bolsheviks destroyed the economy; secret police liquidated 250,000 opponents
war communism
is the secret police created in December to eliminate opponents of Bolsheviks
Checka
1921 mutiny by previously pro-Bolsheviks sailors at march at naval base had to be crushed with machine gun fire; caused by the economic disaster and social upheaval of Russian Civil War; major cause for Lenin forming NEP
Kronstadt Rebellion
eliminates harsh aspects of War communism; Lenin’s response to peasant revolts, military mutiny, economic ruin; some capitalism allowed; government still controlled heavy industry; results improvement
New Economic Policy
Formed by Lenin after Russian Civil War; 12 Russian Republics made it up
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
was more realist and believed in “Socialism in One Country”; sought establishment of socialist economy without dependencies on the west; gained effective control in 1927; purged politburo
Stalin
sought establishment of socialist economy without dependencies on the west
“socialism one country”
ideologue, theorist, and dreams of worldwide communization; is more of Marxist ideologue and believed in permanent revolution; continuation of worldwide communism; exiled and eventually assassinated in Mexico City 1940
Trotsky
revolution from above; increase industrial output; 20% peasants were scheduled to give up private plots and join collective farming
5 Year Plan
is greatest of all costs under 5 year plan ; purpose was to bring peasantry under absolute control of communist state; farmers didn’t like it
Collectivization
were liquidated under Stalin
kulaks
apex of soviet power; ; top 70 people in 1930
Central Committee
had about a dozen members; dominated by discussions of policy and personnel
Politburo
was highest position of power; created and occupied by Stalin
General Secretary
first directed against peasants after 1929; resulted in 8 million arrests; show trials used to eradicate enemies of the people; in late 1930s dozens of old Bolsheviks were tried and executed; 40000 army officers were expelled or liquidated
“Great Terror”
a trial with a predetermined verdict held for propaganda purposes
show trial
-were what was left of Lenin’s followers; all killed
‘Old Bolsheviks’
dealt with army 40,000 officers gone liquidated or expelled
purges
forced labor camps
gulag
was editor of socialist newspaper, but nationalist at heart; starts fascist party which combines socialism and nationalism; wants land expansion, benefits for workers, and land reforms for peasants; gained support of the Conservative classes and frightened middle class with anti-socialist rhetoric
Mussolini
-originally combined socialism and nationalism; eventually just focuses on nationalism, drops socialist aspect; conservatives end up supporting
Fascist party
were paramilitary forces who attacks Communists, Socialists, and other enemies of the fascist program
“Black Shirts”
October 1922; black shirts demanded the resignation of existing government and his own appointment by the king; Government collapsed and Mussolini takes power; King Emmanuel gave him dictatorial power for 1 year
March on Rome
is economic basis for Italian fascism
corporate state
resulted in reconciliation with the papacy; Vatican recognized as tiny independent state; recorded $92 million for seized church lands; pope Pius XII recognized the legitimacy
Lateran Pact
recognized as tiny independent state
Vatican
fall was result of Great Depression, unemployment reached 43%, Hitler promised a lot of stuff
Weimar Republic
hyper nationalism fed the impulse to conquer all nations; racial superiority of Germanic people, inferiority of Jews and Slavs
Nazism
is belief in racial superiority of Germanic people
Aryan Race
began after WWI, led by Hitler; tiny group of only 7 members that grew dramatically within a few years
Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI)
is NAZI paramilitary group; private army for nazi party; nicknamed Brown Shirts
Brown Shirts (S.A.)
Hitler’s failed attempt to overthrow state of Bavaria and was sentenced to a year in jail; gave Hitler national attention; Hitler realized he must take control of Germany legally
Beer Hall Putsch
book written by Adolph Hitler, in which he outlines his theories and program for a national socialist revolution
Mein Kampf
living space; Germany needs room to grow eastward, get rid of Jews, and make Slavs slave labor
“lebensraum”
leader-dictator with unlimited, arbitrary power, this name was bestowed upon Adolf Hitler
Führer
a world-wide economic depression from 1929-1933, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery
Great Depression
1933 to 1935; supposed to last a thousand year; Hitler in power
Third Reich
was during violent electoral campaign in 1933; used by Nazis to crack down of communists
Reichstag Fire
act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis which gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years
Enabling Act
was minister of propaganda; efficiently glorified Hitler and Nazi state
Goebbels
filmed documentary Triumph of the Will a documentary of the Nuremberg rally of 1934; made Hitler look larger than life and glorified Nazi regime; used people from concentration camp for extras
Leni Riefenstal
Hitler was warned that the army and big business were suspicious of SA; to please conservatives Hitler’s elite personal guard the SS arrested and shot without trial about 1000 SA leaders and other political enemies
“Night of the Long Knives”
led by Himmler; Hitler’s elite personal guard
S.S.
ran SS and Gestapo
Himmler
secret police; arrested political enemies; ran political courts and concentration camps
Gestapo
was Nazis in doctrines German youths with views of German racial superiority and Jews as source of Germany’s problems; eventually membership was mandatory; children encouraged to turn in parents and teachers if they were disloyal to Reich
Hitler Youth
1935 deprived all Jews the right of citizenship; marriage between Jews and Germans was prohibited
Nuremburg Law
1938 Hitler ordered attack on Jewish communities using the assassination of a German diplomat in Paris by Jewish boy as a pretense; the night of broken glass; well organized wave of violence destroyed homes, synagogues, and businesses
kristallnacht
murder of 6 million of Jews through ‘final solution’ gas chambers
Holocaust
