World Civ. Chapter 2

Question 1

Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Galileo Galilei

Answer 1

Copernicus(1473-1543)- Polish astronomer. Noticed discreoancies on the horizion creating the HELIOCENTRIC THEORY(Sun Centered)
Brahe- Advanced astronomy studies and predicted event of solar eclipse
Kepler- Played a role in finding the Heliocentric Theory
Galileo Galeli- Helped with heliocentric theory, Created the telescope lense. Completely discreditied ptolemaic theory.

Question 2

Louis XIV

Answer 2

Absolute Monarch in Fran 1643-1715
Come to power when he was 4 years old
When his father died and he came to power there was conflict over parliment and who would ahve control till he came of age
Peace of Rueil. Stopped this fighting for power but he did not trust his parliment
Saw himself as divinely appointed king of france(Chosen by God to rule)

Question 3

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Answer 3

Appointed by King Louis to handle finances in the kingdom.
Comptroller of general finance
Greatly improved kings income and frances economy during his tenture
Helped revamp the tax system and weaken the hold of aristocracy gov.

Question 4

Thomas Hobbes LEVITHAN

Answer 4

Believed that soverignty belongs to the people but rejected democracy.
Published Levithan in 1651
Levithan- without someone ruling and protecting natural rights life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short

Question 5

Ghulams and Janissaries

Answer 5

Ghulams- Slave ranks in the Army
Janissaries- Standing army of elite turkish infantry soldiers
- Boys between 8-18 werer taken and given intense religous in docutination and millitary traing, then enlisted into sultans crack regiments(New Troops)

Question 6

Hapsburg Dynasty

Answer 6

Came from a series of judicous marriages that brought land, titles, and influence
Hapsburg came from humble orgins to dominate affairs of the 16th century Europe

Question 7

Isma’il

Answer 7

Shah of Iran and religous leader who founded the savfavid dynasty

Question 8

Timar Nobility

Answer 8

Orginally a grant service with the estate passing to a new tenant. One existing tenant excited service due to age or injury
Timar families came to polical power

Question 9

Aurangzeb

Answer 9

Expanded the realm to its greatest extent and the emporer who sowed the seeds of its collapse
Became religous zealot appointing muhtasib to enforce islamic law
Began adopting discriminatory policies toward non-muslims
Charged hindu 5% Tax and Muslims 2.5%
ventually eliminated muslims custom duties

Question 10

Nadir Shah

Answer 10

Abbs III Decleared himself Nadir shah and ruled perisa in 1736.
Nadir shah was a warlord

Question 11

Shah Abbas

Answer 11

Took throne in 1588
Young, charasmatic, talented and ruthless leader
Put down rebel cheiftans and restored order to central Iran
Fought 1 enemy at a time and found peace with ottomans
Provided politicla stability and economic growth

Question 12

Safi Al-Din

Answer 12

Sufi holy order. Safawiyah, was estabished by Safi Al-Din.
Spiritual followers transferred to Safi Al-Din when zahid died

Question 13

Suleiman the Magnificent

Answer 13

Ottoman peak under sultan Sulieman
His empire had all the natural resources he need to build up land and naval forces
Processed. raw materials into ships, weapons, and gun powder.

Question 14

Akbar

Answer 14

Greatest Munghal leader
14 when he came to power
Siezed control of several important rebelling districts
Got access to man power for both adminstrative positions and rank

Question 15

Sikhs

Answer 15

Religion
There was a growing conflict between Sikhs and Mughal religions
Faced the policy placed by bahadur Shah that destroyed Hindu and Sikh temples.
Policy was eventually abandoned but that did not stop the discrimination

Question 16

Taj Mahal

Answer 16

Taj Mahal was contructed by Jami Masjid
Built of red sandston
Took 22 years to build and used only the finest white marble
Its porportions are so perfect that they cannot be improved in terms of workmanship and materials

Question 17

Mughal Religious Policies

Answer 17

Religously tolerant
Abolished Jizya tax on non muslims
Allowed forced converts to reconvert to previous religion

Question 18

Persian Carpets

Answer 18

Persian rug making was a tradition among nomad tribesman
Durable, comfy, and transportable flooring for tents
Abbas turned this into an expression of art comminsioning royal painters to work up intracate designs and only used the finest materials and production standards
No proper european estate was complete without a Persian carpet

Question 19

Shah Jahan

Answer 19

Fabulous royal seat made of Gold, Silver, and precious stones

Question 20

Shi’a and Sunni Islam

Answer 20

Sha’I- Believed in naming aliman. Muhammed passed on secret religious knowledge to ali, including a mystical bond to allah that normal men did not posses
Sunni Islam-Muslims who believed authority in religion derives from the revealed word of allah in the koran

Question 21

Babur

Answer 21

Founder of the Mughal Dynasty
Zahir al-Din muhammed was nicknamed Babur
Member of Barlas tribe but identified as a chagatai turk

Question 22

Timur the Lame

Answer 22

The depredations of the mongol invasions an the later disruptions caused by turk conquerer timur the lame
Created the power vaccums these states filled

Question 23

Devishrme and Jizya

Answer 23

Devishirme- The christan population provided another tax resource that later sultans exploited to reduce power of timar nobility
Jizya- Christan population subjected to pay an additional tax

Question 24

Il- Kahante

Answer 24

a division of the Mongol Empire, established in the 13th century by Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan. It controlled much of Persia (modern-day Iran), Iraq, and parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia. The Ilkhanate was one of the four main khanates that emerged after the Mongol Empire’s fragmentation.