World Civ. Chapter 11 Flashcards
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Founder of Republic of Turkey and Its first president.Atatürk led Turkey through a period of radical modernization and secularization following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. He introduced reforms in law, education, language, and the economy to transform Turkey into a modern, secular nation-state.
The Big Four
Leaders of the U.S., Great Britain, France, and Italy who were the key architects of the post-World War I settlement at the Treaty of Versailles.
Woodrow Wilson(US)-Focused on a just peace based on his Fourteen Points, including self-determination and the creation of the League of Nations.
David Lloyd George (UK)-Wanted to secure Britain’s imperial interests and maintain a balance of power in Europe.
Georges Clemenceau (France): Sought harsh reparations and security guarantees against future German aggression.
Vittorio Orlando (Italy): Wanted territorial gains, particularly in the Adriatic.
Treaty of Versailles
1919, Signed after World War I, this treaty formally ended the war and imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. It is often blamed for sowing the seeds of World War II due to the harsh terms.
Leaugue of Nations
Established by the Treaty of Versailles, the League was an international organization designed to maintain peace and prevent future wars. However, its effectiveness was limited by the refusal of the United States to join and the inability to enforce its decisions, leading to its eventual failure.
Women’s Sufferage
The movement to grant women the right to vote. By the early 20th century, women’s suffrage had gained ground in many countries, including the United States (1920) and Britain (1918 for women over 30). Women’s suffrage was a significant victory in the broader struggle for women’s rights.
Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
An international agreement in which signatory nations, including the United States, pledged not to use war as a means of resolving conflicts, effectively renouncing war as a tool of national policy. While it was a noble attempt at promoting peace, it lacked enforcement mechanisms and failed to prevent future wars.
Dawes Plan 1924
A plan to resolve the issue of German reparations following World War I. It provided for loans to Germany to stabilize its economy(Inflation), which allowed Germany to make reparations payments to France and Britain. The plan temporarily alleviated the economic crisis in Germany but did not provide a lasting solution.
The Great Depression 1929
A global economic downturn that began with the U.S. stock market crash in 1929 and quickly spread worldwide. It led to widespread unemployment, poverty, and political instability, and contributed to the rise of extremist political movements, including fascism and communism.
The New Deal
A series of economic programs and reforms introduced by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. It aimed to provide relief to the unemployed, stimulate economic recovery, and reform the financial system to prevent future depressions.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
The 32nd president of the United States (1933-1945), who led the country through the Great Depression and World War II. His administration implemented the New Deal, a set of social and economic reforms aimed at alleviating the effects of the Depression.
Joseph Stalin
The leader of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953. Stalin transformed the USSR into a major world power through rapid industrialization, forced collectivization of agriculture, and political repression. His policies led to the deaths of millions, including through the Holodomor, a man-made famine in Ukraine.
Adolf Hitler
The leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler’s aggressive foreign policies and expansionism led to World War II, while his ideology of racial superiority and anti-Semitism culminated in the Holocaust. He rose to power in the wake of the Great Depression and through the exploitation of nationalist and anti-communist sentiments.
Benito Mussolini
The founder of Italian fascism and the dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Mussolini sought to revive the Roman Empire and promoted a totalitarian state based on authoritarian rule, nationalism, and militarism. He aligned Italy with Nazi Germany during World War II.
Five-Year Plan
A series of national economic goals set by Joseph Stalin to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union and transform its economy from agrarian to industrial. The first five-year plan (1928-1932) focused on heavy industry and collectivization but led to widespread famine, especially in Ukraine (Holodomor).
Holodomor 1932-1933
A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine caused by Stalin’s policies of forced collectivization. Millions of Ukrainians died as a result of food shortages and the confiscation of grain. Many historians consider it a genocide, though the Soviet government and later Russia denied this characterization.
Acerbo Election Law 1923
An electoral law in Italy passed by Mussolini’s Fascist government, designed to give the Fascists a larger share of the vote. It allowed the party with the most votes (at least 25%) to gain two-thirds of the seats in Parliament, effectively giving Mussolini a monopoly on power.
National Socialists Workers Party (NSDAP)
Also known as the Nazi Party, this was the far-right political party led by Adolf Hitler. The party promoted German nationalism, anti-Semitism, and the rejection of the Versailles Treaty. It rose to power in the early 1930s and established a totalitarian regime that led to World War II and the Holocaust.
Weimar Republic
The democratic government of Germany from 1919 to 1933, which replaced the German Empire after World War I. The Weimar Republic faced severe economic problems, political instability, and the rise of extremist movements, including the Nazi Party. It collapsed after Hitler’s appointment as chancellor in 1933.
Enabling Act 1933
A law passed in Nazi Germany that gave Hitler the power to enact laws without the involvement of the Reichstag (parliament). This effectively gave Hitler dictatorial powers and allowed him to dismantle democratic institutions in Germany.
Chiang Kai-Shek
Leader of the Republic of China from the 1920s until his retreat to Taiwan in 1949 after the Chinese Civil War. Chiang led the Kuomintang (KMT) and fought against both the Japanese invaders and Chinese communist forces led by Mao Zedong.
Mao Zedong
The founding father of the People’s Republic of China, which was established in 1949. Mao led the Chinese Communist Party to victory in the Chinese Civil War and implemented radical economic and social reforms, including the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.
