WINTER Chapter 18: Applied Psychology Flashcards
What is the use of psychological principles and research methods to solve practical problems?
Applied psychology
What is a field that focuses on the psychology of work and on behavior within organizations?
Industrial/organizational (I/O) psychology
What is the blend of customs, beliefs, values, attitudes, and rituals within an organization?
Organizational culture
What is making positive contributions to the success of an organization in ways that go beyond one’s job description?
Organizational citizenship
What is a branch of industrial/organizational psychology concerned with testing, selection, placement, and promotion of employees?
Personnel psychology
What is a detailed description of the skills, knowledge, and activities required by a particular job?
Job analysis
What are situations that arise in a job with which a competent worker must be able to cope.
Critical incidents
What is detailed biographical information about a job applicant?
Biodata
What is a formal or informal questioning of job applicants to learn their qualifications and to gain an impression of their personalities?
Personal interview
What is a paper-and-pencil test that assesses a person’s interests and matches them to interests found among successful workers in various occupations?
Vocational interest test
What is an evaluation that rates a person’s potential to learn skills required by various occupations?
Aptitude test
What is a program set up within an organization to conduct in-depth evaluations of job candidates?
Assessment center
What is presenting realistic work situations to applicants in order to observe their skills and reactions?
Situational judgment test
What is a testing procedure that simulates the individual decision-making challenges that executives face?
In-basket test
What is a test of leadership that simulates group decision-making and problem solving?
Leaderless group discussion
What is an evaluation of employee performance, mainly anonymous numerical ratings, collected from different perspectives?
360 degrees feedback
What is the degree to which a person is comfortable with or satisfied with his or her work?
Job satisfaction
What is making a job more personally rewarding, interesting, or intrinsically motivating? It typically involves increasing worker knowledge.
Job enrichment
What is a work schedule that allows flexible starting and quitting times?
Flextime
What is an approach to flexible work that involves working at a location away from the office, but using a computer to stay connected throughout the workday?
Flexplace (telecommuting)
What is an approach to leadership that emphasizes work efficiency?
Theory X leadership (scientific management)
What is the term for maximum output (productivity) at lowest cost?
Work efficiency
What is the maintenance of good morale, labor relations, employee satisfaction, and similar aspects of work behavior?
Psychological efficiency
What is a leadership style that emphasizes human relations at work and that views people as industrious, responsible, and interested in challenging work?
Theory Y leadership
What is leadership aimed at transforming employees to exceed expectations and look beyond self-interest to help the organization better compete?
Transformational leadership
What is a leadership approach that allows employees at all levels to participate in decision-making?
Shared leadership (participative management)
What is a management technique in which employees are given specific goals to meet in their work?
Management by objectives
What is a work group that has a high degree of freedom with respect to how it achieves its goals?
Self-managed team
What is an employee discussion group that makes suggestions for improving quality and solving business problems?
Quality circle
What is the formal study of how environments affect behavior?
Environmental psychology
What is an environment defined by a group of people and their activities or interrelationships (such as a parade, revival meeting, or sports event)?
Social environment
What are natural settings, such as forests and beaches, as well as environments built by humans, such as buildings, ships, and cities?
Physical environments
What is a smaller area within an environment whose use is well defined, such as a bus depot, waiting room, or lounge?
Behavioral setting
What is the amount of land and water area required to replenish the resources that a human population consumes?
Ecological footprint
What is a subjective feeling of being overstimulated by a loss of privacy or by the nearness of others (especially when social contact with them is unavoidable)?
Crowding
What is the term for the number of people in a given space or, inversely, the amount of space available to each person?
Density
What is a stressful condition caused when sensory stimulation, information, and social contacts make excessive demands on attention?
Attentional overload
What is stressful and intrusive noise; usually artificially generated by machinery, but also includes sounds made by animals and humans?
Noise pollution
What is the measurement and analysis of the effects that an environment has on the behavior and perceptions of people within that environment?
Environmental assessment
What is the study of the effects that buildings have on behavior and the design of buildings using behavioral principles?
Architectural psychology
What is a social situation that tends to provide immediate rewards for actions that will have undesired effects in the long run?
Social dilemma
What is a social dilemma in which individuals, each acting in his or her immediate self-interest, overuse a scarce group resource?
Tragedy of the commons
What is a persuasion technique that seeks to change attitudes by making explicit relevant social norms in order to foster compliance?
Social norms marketing
What is a persuasion technique that seeks to change attitudes by comparing feedback about individual performance with relevant social norms in order to foster compliance?
Personalized normative feedback
What is the volume of greenhouse gases individual consumption adds to the atmosphere?
Carbon footprint
What is the study of the psychological and behavioural dimensions of the legal system?
Legal Psychology
What is the study of clinical aspects of the law?
Forensic Psychology
What is using social science principles to choose members of a jury?
Scientific jury selection
What is a group that realistically simulates a courtroom jury?
Mock jury
What is a branch of psychology that goes beyond an individual focus and integrates social, cultural, economic, political, environmental, and international influences to promote positive change, health, and empowerment at individual and systemic levels?
Community psychology
What is the study of the psychological and behavioural dimensions of sports performance?
Sports psychology
What is breaking complex skills into their subparts?
Task analysis
What is a series of actions molded into a smooth and efficient performance?
Motor skill
What is a mental plan or model that guides skilled movement?
Motor progrom
What is imagining a skilled performance to aid learning?
Mental practice
What is a performance during which physical, mental, and emotional states are harmonious and optimal?
Peak performance
What is a collection of printed examples of a person’s accomplishments and work?
Portfolio
What is a digital, rather than hardcopy, collection of printed examples of a person’s accomplishments and work?
e-Portfolio
