WINTER Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
What is the process that arouses, maintains, and guides behaviour toward a goal?
Motivation
What is an internal deficiency that may energize behaviour?
Need
What is a state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need?
Drive
What is any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behaviour?
Response
What is the target or objective of motivated behaviour?
Goal
What is a reward or other stimulus that motivates behaviour?
Incentive
What theory proposes that needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are critical motivational needs?
Self-determination theory
What is the desire to engage in a behaviour based on internal rewards?
Intrinsic motivation
What is motivation that comes from outside the person?
Extrinsic motivation
What is Maslow’s classification of human motivations by order of importance from basic biological function to self-actualization?
Hierarchy of needs
What is the name for the first four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy? These lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.
Basic needs
What are, in Maslow’s hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization?
Growth needs
What are innate motives based on biological needs?
Biological motives
What are innate needs for stimulation and information?
Stimulus motives
What are motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals?
Learned motives
What is the steady state of body equilibrium?
Homeostasis
What is the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behaviour?
Sex drive
What is the term used for changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating? It is particularly used to refer to females in heat.
Estrus
What term describes any of a number of female sex hormones?
Estrogen
What term describes any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone?
Androgen
What is a drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or body need states?
Non-homeostatic drive
What is the 24-hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species?
Circadian rhythm
What is a thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells?
Extracellular thirst
What is a thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells?
Intracellular thirst
What is the small area of the brain that regulates emotional behaviours and basic biological needs?
Hypothalamus
What is the proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating?
Set point (for fat)
What is an active dislike for a particular food?
Taste aversion
What is the term describing how organisms are more easily able to learn some associations (e.g., food with illness) than others (e.g., flashing light with illness)? Evolution places biological limits on what an animal or person can easily learn.
Biological preparedness (to learn)
What is weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation?
Behavioural dieting
What is an eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image and maintenance of unusually low body weight?
Anorexia nervosa
What is a problem managing food intake that manifests itself in forms such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight?
Feeding and eating disorder
What is a disorder marked by excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain?
Bulimia nervosa
What is the theory that assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal?
Arousal theory
What is a summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance?
Yerkes-Dodson law
What is the term for high levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance?
Test anxiety
What are learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture?
Social motives
What is the drive to excel in one’s endeavours?
Need for achievement (nAch)
What is the desire to have social impact and control over others?
Need for power
What theory states that strong emotions tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state? It also proposes that the strength of both emotional states changes over time.
Opponent-process theory
What is a feeling state that has physiological, cognitive, and behavioural components?
Emotion
What is a low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state?
Mood
What is the system of nerves carrying information to and from the internal organs and glands?
Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
What is the part of the limbic system associated with the rapid processing of emotions; especially fear?
Amygdala
What is a device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response? It is commonly called a “lie detector.”
Polygraph
What is a polygraph procedure involving testing people with facts that only a guilty person could know?
Guilty knowledge test
What are actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions?
Adaptive behaviours
What is the study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions? It is commonly called body language.
Kinesics
What is the altering of expression such that the emotion being displayed does not accurately reflect the one that is being experienced?
Emotion regulation?
What is a learned difficulty expressing emotions that is more common in men?
Alexithymia
What is the evaluation of the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation?
Emotional appraisal
What is the act of assigning cause to behaviour?
Attribution
What is the proposition that bodily arousal leads to subjective feelings?
James-Lange theory
What is the proposition that thalamus activity causes emotions and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously?
Cannon-Bard theory
What is a theory stating that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues?
Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
What do theories suggest are brief states of emotion arising from cognitive appraisals and involve distinct expressions, physiology, and behavior?
Basic emotions
What is the study of human strengths, virtues, and effective functioning?
Positive psychology
What is general life satisfaction, combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions?
Subjective well-being
