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Psychology > WINTER Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion > Flashcards

WINTER Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process that arouses, maintains, and guides behaviour toward a goal?

A

Motivation

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2
Q

What is an internal deficiency that may energize behaviour?

A

Need

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3
Q

What is a state of bodily tension, such as hunger or thirst, that arises from an unmet need?

A

Drive

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4
Q

What is any action, glandular activity, or other identifiable behaviour?

A

Response

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5
Q

What is the target or objective of motivated behaviour?

A

Goal

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6
Q

What is a reward or other stimulus that motivates behaviour?

A

Incentive

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7
Q

What theory proposes that needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are critical motivational needs?

A

Self-determination theory

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8
Q

What is the desire to engage in a behaviour based on internal rewards?

A

Intrinsic motivation

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9
Q

What is motivation that comes from outside the person?

A

Extrinsic motivation

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10
Q

What is Maslow’s classification of human motivations by order of importance from basic biological function to self-actualization?

A

Hierarchy of needs

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11
Q

What is the name for the first four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy? These lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs.

A

Basic needs

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12
Q

What are, in Maslow’s hierarchy, the higher-level needs associated with self-actualization?

A

Growth needs

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13
Q

What are innate motives based on biological needs?

A

Biological motives

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14
Q

What are innate needs for stimulation and information?

A

Stimulus motives

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15
Q

What are motives based on learned needs, drives, and goals?

A

Learned motives

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16
Q

What is the steady state of body equilibrium?

A

Homeostasis

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17
Q

What is the strength of one’s motivation to engage in sexual behaviour?

A

Sex drive

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18
Q

What is the term used for changes in the sexual drives of animals that create a desire for mating? It is particularly used to refer to females in heat.

A

Estrus

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19
Q

What term describes any of a number of female sex hormones?

A

Estrogen

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20
Q

What term describes any of a number of male sex hormones, especially testosterone?

A

Androgen

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21
Q

What is a drive that is relatively independent of physical deprivation cycles or body need states?

A

Non-homeostatic drive

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22
Q

What is the 24-hour biological cycle found in humans and many other species?

A

Circadian rhythm

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23
Q

What is a thirst caused by a reduction in the volume of fluids found between body cells?

A

Extracellular thirst

24
Q

What is a thirst triggered when fluid is drawn out of cells due to an increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cells?

A

Intracellular thirst

25
Q

What is the small area of the brain that regulates emotional behaviours and basic biological needs?

A

Hypothalamus

26
Q

What is the proportion of body fat that tends to be maintained by changes in hunger and eating?

A

Set point (for fat)

27
Q

What is an active dislike for a particular food?

A

Taste aversion

28
Q

What is the term describing how organisms are more easily able to learn some associations (e.g., food with illness) than others (e.g., flashing light with illness)? Evolution places biological limits on what an animal or person can easily learn.

A

Biological preparedness (to learn)

29
Q

What is weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits, rather than temporary self-starvation?

A

Behavioural dieting

30
Q

What is an eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image and maintenance of unusually low body weight?

A

Anorexia nervosa

31
Q

What is a problem managing food intake that manifests itself in forms such as a life-threatening failure to maintain sufficient body weight?

A

Feeding and eating disorder

32
Q

What is a disorder marked by excessive eating followed by inappropriate methods of preventing weight gain?

A

Bulimia nervosa

33
Q

What is the theory that assumes that people prefer to maintain ideal, or comfortable, levels of arousal?

A

Arousal theory

34
Q

What is a summary of the relationships among arousal, task complexity, and performance?

A

Yerkes-Dodson law

35
Q

What is the term for high levels of arousal and worry that seriously impair test performance?

A

Test anxiety

36
Q

What are learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture?

A

Social motives

37
Q

What is the drive to excel in one’s endeavours?

A

Need for achievement (nAch)

38
Q

What is the desire to have social impact and control over others?

A

Need for power

39
Q

What theory states that strong emotions tend to be followed by the opposite emotional state? It also proposes that the strength of both emotional states changes over time.

A

Opponent-process theory

40
Q

What is a feeling state that has physiological, cognitive, and behavioural components?

A

Emotion

41
Q

What is a low-intensity, long-lasting emotional state?

A

Mood

42
Q

What is the system of nerves carrying information to and from the internal organs and glands?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

43
Q

What is the part of the limbic system associated with the rapid processing of emotions; especially fear?

A

Amygdala

44
Q

What is a device for recording heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response? It is commonly called a “lie detector.”

A

Polygraph

45
Q

What is a polygraph procedure involving testing people with facts that only a guilty person could know?

A

Guilty knowledge test

46
Q

What are actions that aid attempts to survive and adapt to changing conditions?

A

Adaptive behaviours

47
Q

What is the study of the meaning of body movements, posture, hand gestures, and facial expressions? It is commonly called body language.

A

Kinesics

48
Q

What is the altering of expression such that the emotion being displayed does not accurately reflect the one that is being experienced?

A

Emotion regulation?

49
Q

What is a learned difficulty expressing emotions that is more common in men?

A

Alexithymia

50
Q

What is the evaluation of the personal meaning of a stimulus or situation?

A

Emotional appraisal

51
Q

What is the act of assigning cause to behaviour?

A

Attribution

52
Q

What is the proposition that bodily arousal leads to subjective feelings?

A

James-Lange theory

53
Q

What is the proposition that thalamus activity causes emotions and bodily arousal to occur simultaneously?

A

Cannon-Bard theory

54
Q

What is a theory stating that emotions occur when physical arousal is labeled or interpreted on the basis of experience and situational cues?

A

Schachter-Singer two-factor theory

55
Q

What do theories suggest are brief states of emotion arising from cognitive appraisals and involve distinct expressions, physiology, and behavior?

A

Basic emotions

56
Q

What is the study of human strengths, virtues, and effective functioning?

A

Positive psychology

57
Q

What is general life satisfaction, combined with frequent positive emotions and relatively few negative emotions?

A

Subjective well-being

Psychology (15 decks)

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