WINTER Chapter 17: Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour Flashcards
What is the desire to associate with other people?
Need to affiliate
What is social attraction to another person?
Interpersonal attraction
What is a mutual exchange of feelings, thoughts, or things between people?
Reciprocity
What is the process of revealing private thoughts, feelings, and one’s personal history to others?
Self-disclosure
What is any exchange between two people of attention, information, affection, favours, or the like?
Social exchange
What is a theory stating that rewards must exceed costs for relationships to endure?
Social exchange theory
What is a personal standard used to evaluate rewards and costs in a social exchange?
Comparison level
What is the term for feelings of connectedness and affection for another person?
Intimacy
What is having deep emotional and/or sexual feelings for another person?
Passion
What is the determination to stay in a long-term relationship with another person?
Commitment
What is love that is associated with high levels of interpersonal attraction, heightened arousal, mutual absorption, and sexual desire?
Romantic love
What is a form of love characterized by intimacy and commitment, but not passion?
Companionate love
What is love characterized by passion and commitment, but not intimacy?
Fatuous love
What is a form of love characterized by intimacy, passion, and commitment?
Consummate love
What is the study of the evolutionary origins of human behaviour patterns?
Evolutionary psychology
What is any behaviour that has a positive impact on other people?
Prosocial behaviour
What is a specific type of prosocial behaviour motivated primarily by improving the circumstance of others?
Altruism
What is a state in which people, when faced with someone who is suffering, experience a feeling state that parallels that of the other person in distress?
Empathy
What is the unwillingness of bystanders to offer help during emergencies or to become involved in others’ problems?
Bystander effect (bystander apathy)
What is spreading the responsibility to act among several people? It reduces the likelihood that help will be given to a person in need.
Diffusion of responsibility
What is any behaviour that has a negative impact on other people?
Antisocial behaviour
What is any action carried out with the intention of harming another person?
Aggression
What is the deliberate and repeated use of aggression (whether verbal or physical, direct or indirect) as a tactic for dealing with everyday situations?
Bullying
What is an innate impulse that directs or motivates behaviour?
Instinct
What is the idea that frustration tends to lead to aggression?
Frustration-aggression hypothesis
What is a theory that combines learning principles with cognitive processes, socialization, and modeling, to explain behaviour?
Social learning theory
What is a positive or negative attitude toward an entire group of people?
Prejudice
What are oversimplified images of the traits of individuals who belong to a particular social group?
Social stereotypes
What is the term for unfair actions based on stereotyping and prejudice?
Discrimination (in social behaviour)
What are subtle acts of discrimination that may not be intended to hurt the victim but rather reflect a lack of awareness or sensitivity?
Microaggressions
What is stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their race?
Racism
What is stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their gender?
Sexism
What is stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on their age?
Ageism
What is stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination directed against someone based solely on the belief that heterosexuality is better or more natural than homosexuality?
Heterosexism
What is placing one’s own group or race at the centre - that is, tending to reject all other groups but one’s own?
Ethnocentrism
What is prejudice that is conscious and clearly and publicly expressed?
Explicit prejudice
What is unconscious prejudiced thoughts and feelings about members of other groups?
Implicit prejudice
What is blaming a person or a group for the actions of others or for conditions not of their making?
Scapegoating
What is redirecting aggression to a target other than the actual source of one’s frustration?
Displaced aggression
What are differences in the power, prestige, or privileges of two or more people or groups?
Status inequalities
What is a personality pattern characterized by rigidity, inhibition, prejudice, and an excessive concern with power, authority, and obedience?
Authoritarian personality
What is an unwarranted positiveness or certainty in matters of belief or opinion?
Dogmatism
What is a term describing beliefs that outgroups are less human and deserve discrimination that they are subject to?
Dehumanization
What is the tendency to apply social stereotypes to one’s self?
Self-stereotyping
What is the anxiety caused by the fear of being judged in terms of a stereotype?
Stereotype threat
What is social interaction that occurs on an equal footing, without obvious differences in power or status?
Equal-status contact
What is a goal that exceeds or overrides all others? It is a goal that renders other goals relatively less important.
Superordinate goal
What is information that helps define a person as an individual, rather than as a member of a group or social category?
Individuating information
What are beliefs that people generally get what they deserve?
Just-world beliefs
What is the phenomenon where an expectation that prompts people to act in ways that make the expectation come true?
Self-fulfilling prophecy
What is the term describing a rivalry among groups, each of which regards itself as superior to others?
Social competition
