Ch 3 - Human Development Flashcards
The study of the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the lifespan.
What is developmental psychology?
The transmission of physical and psychological characteristics from parents to offspring through genes.
What is heredity (“nature”)?
A molecular structure that contains coded genetic information.
What is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
Rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that house an individual’s genes.
What are chromosomes?
Areas on a strand of DNA that carry hereditary information.
What are genes?
Problems caused by defects in the genes or by inherited characteristics.
What are genetic disorders?
A gene whose influence will be expressed each time that the gene is present.
What is a dominant gene?
A gene whose influence will be expressed only when it is paired with a second recessive gene of the same type.
What is a recessive gene?
Personal traits or physical properties that are influenced by many genes working in combination.
What are polygenic characteristics?
The sum of all external conditions affecting development, including especially the effects of learning.
What is environment (“nurture”)?
A harmful substance that can cause birth defects.
What is teratogen?
Defects that originate during prenatal development in the womb.
What are congenital problems?
A collection of conditions occurring in children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy.
What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?
During development, a period of increased sensitivity to environmental influences. It also is a time during which certain events must take place for normal development to occur.
What is the sensitive period?
In development, the loss or withholding of normal stimulation, nutrition, comfort, love, and so forth; a condition of absence.
What is deprivation?
In development, deliberately making an environment more stimulating, nutritional, comforting, loving, and so forth.
What is enrichment?
The study of changes in organisms that are caused by modifications to gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.
What is epigenetics?
The physical growth and development of the body, brain, and nervous system.
What is maturation?
Biologically defined period during which a person matures sexually and becomes capable of reproduction.
What is puberty?
The culturally defined period between childhood and adulthood.
What is adolescence?
Area of psychology concerned with changes in emotions and social relationships.
What is socioemotional development?
Smiling elicited by a social stimulus, such as seeing a parent’s face.
What is a social smile?
A conflict between personal impulses and the social world.
What is a psychosocial dilemma?
Emotional needs for care, love, and positive relationships with others.
What are affectional needs?