WINTER Chapter 16: Social Thinking and Social Influence Flashcards
What is the study of how individuals think and behave in social situations?
Social psychology
What is an ongoing pattern of life, characterizing a society at a given point in history?
Culture
What is a group with which a person identifies?
Ingroup
What is a group with which a person does not identify?
Outgroup
What is the network of roles, communication pathways, and power in a group?
Group structure
What is the degree of attraction among group members or their commitment to remaining in the group?
Group cohesiveness
What is a widely accepted (but often unspoken) standard of conduct for appropriate behaviour?
Norm
What is an expected behaviour pattern associated with a particular social position (such as daughter, worker, or student)?
Social role
What is the term for trying to occupy two or more roles that make confliciting demands on behaviour?
Role conflict
What is the degree of prestige, admiration , and respect accorded to a member of a group?
Social status
What is the degree to which a group member can control, alter, or influence the behaviour of another group member?
Social power
What is the process of thinking about ourselves and others in a social context?
Social cognition
What is the term for making judgements about ourselves through comparison with others?
Social comparison
What is comparing yourself with a person who ranks lower than you on some dimension?
Downward comparison
What is comparing yourself with a person who ranks higher than you on some dimension?
Upward comparison
What is the act of assigning cause to behaviour?
Attribution
What are unstated expectations that define desirable or appropriate behaviour in various settings and social situations?
Situational demands
What is the tendency to attribute behaviour to internal causes without regard to stiuational influences?
Fundamental attribution error
What is the tendency to attribute the behaviour of others to internal causes while attributing one’s own behaviour to external causes (situations and circumstances)?
Actor-observer bias
What is arranging to perform under conditions that usually impair performance, so as to have an excuse for a poor showing?
Self-handicapping
What is a positive or negative perception of people, objects, or issues?
Attitude
What is an interview in which persons are allowed to freely state their views?
Open-ended interview
What is a rating of the degree to which a person would be willing to have contact with a member of another group?
Social distance scale
What is a collection of attitudinal statements with which respondents indicate agreement or disagreement?
Attitude scale
What is any group that an individual uses as a standard for social comparison?
Reference group
What is a psychological state of having related ideas or perceptions that are inconsistent?
Cognitive dissonance
What is it when changes in a person’s behaviour is induced by the presence or actions of others?
Social influence
What is the tendency to perform better when in the presence of others?
Social facilitations
What is the tendency to perform more poorly when in the presence of others?
Social interference
What is the tendency for people to change their behaviour just because of the presence of other people?
Mere presence
What is exerting less effort when performing a specific task with a group than when alone?
Social loafing
What is matching behaviour and appearance to perceived social norms?
Conformity
What are rewards and punishments (such as approval or disapproval) administered by groups to enforce conformity among members?
Group sanctions
What is flawed decision-making in which a collection of individuals favours conformity over critical analysis?
Groupthink
What is bending to the requests of a person who has little or no authority or other form of social power?
Compliance
What is a deliberate attempt to change beliefs or behaviour with information and arguments?
Persuasion
What is the tendency for a person who has first complied with a small request to be more likely later to fulfill a larger request?
Foot-in-the-door effect
What is the tendency for a person who has refused a major request to subsequently be more likely to comply with a minor request?
Door-in-the-face effect
What is a strategy in which commitment is gained first to reasonable or desirable terms, which are then made less reasonable or desirable?
Lowball technique
What is compliance with a request from an authority figure?
Obedience
What is being forced to change your beliefs or your behavior against your will?
Coercion
What is the term for being engineered or forced attitude change involving a captive audience?
Brainwashing
What is a group that professes great devotion to some person and follows that person almost without question? Group members are typically victimized by their leaders in various ways.
Cult
What is a direct, honest expression of feelings and desires?
Self-assertion
