Ch 6 - Conditioning and Learning Flashcards
Any relatively permanent change in knowledge or behaviour that can be attributed to experience.
What is learning?
The formation of simple associations between various stimuli and responses.
What is associative learning?
A form of learning in which reflex responses are associated with new simuli.
What is classical conditioning?
Something that elicits a response without any prior experience.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Response to a stimulus that requires no previous experience.
What is an unconditioned response (UR)?
A stimulus that does not evoke a response.
What is a neutral stimulus (NS)?
Neutral stimulus that, through pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a learned response.
What is a conditioned stimulus (CS)?
Learned reaction elicited by pairing an originally neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is a conditioned response (CR)?
Weakening of a learned response by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
What is extinction (in classical conditioning)?
Reappearance of a learned response after its apparent extinction.
What is spontaneous recovery?
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus.
What is stimulus generalization?
The learned ability to respond differently to similar stimuli.
What is stimulus discrimination?
An emotional response that has been linked to a previously non-emotional stimulus by classical conditioning.
What is a conditioned emotional response (CER)?
Learning based on the positive or negative consequences of responding.
What is operant (instrumental) conditioning?
Responses that lead to desirable effects are repeated; those that produce undesirable results are not.
What is the law of effect?
An apparatus designed to study operant conditioning in animals.
What is the operant conditioning chamber (Skinner box)?
Any event that reliably increases the probability or frequency of responses it follows.
What is a reinforcer?
Occurs when a response is followed by a reward or other positive event.
What is positive reinforcement?
Occurs when a response if followed by an end to discomfort or by the removal of an unpleasant event.
What is negative reinforcement?
Any event that decreases the probability or frequency of responses that it follows.
What is a punisher?
Any event that follows a response and decreases its likelihood of occurring again; the process of suppressing a response.
What is positive punishment (punishment)?