Ch 7 - Memory Flashcards
Mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving information.
What is memory?
Converting information into a form to be retained in memory.
What is encoding (in memory)?
Holding information in memory for later use.
What is storage (in memory)?
Recovery of stored information.
What is retrieval (in memory)?
Fleeting storage system for sensory impressions.
What is sensory memory?
A mental image or visual representation.
What is iconic memory?
A brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.
What is echoic memory?
Storage system used to hold small amounts of information in conscious awareness for about a dozen seconds.
What is short-term memory (STM)?
Another name for short-term memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving.
What is working memory?
Meaningful units of information, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases.
What are information bits?
Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together.
What is chunking?
Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Learning by simple repetition.
What is rote rehearsal (rote learning)?
Making memories more meaningful through processing that encodes links between new information and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals.
What is elaborative rehearsal (elaborative encoding)?
Unlimited capacity storage system that can hold information over lengthy periods of time.
What is long-term memory (LTM)?
A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked information.
What is a network model (of memory)?
Any information that can prompt or trigger the retrieval of particular memories. They usually enhance memory.
What is a retrieval cue?
Process by which memories are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of association to other, related memories.
What is redintegration?
A recollection that a person does not know exists and is retrieved unconsciously.
What is implicit memory?
Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories.
What is priming?
A recollection that a person is aware of having or is consciously retrieved.
What is explicit memory?
A subpart of declarative memory that records impersonal knowledge about the world.
What is semantic memory?
A subpart of declarative memory that records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places.
What is episodic memory?
Process by which relatively permanent memories are formed in the brain.
What is consolidation?
Part of the limbic system associated with storing memories.
What is the hippocampus?
Especially vivid and detailed recollection of an emotional event.
What is a flashbulb memory?
Failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory?
What is encoding failure?
The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable.
What is a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state?
Retrieval of information with a minimum of external cues.
What is recall?
When remembering an ordered list, the tendency to make the most errors with middle items.
What is the serial position effect?
Ability to correctly identify previously learned information.
What is recognition?
Learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning.
What is relearning?
Failure to access (locate) memories even though they are available (stored in memory).
What is retrieval failure?
Inability to form or retrieve memories of events due to an injury or trauma.
What is amnesia?
Inability to retrieve memories of events that occurred before an injury or trauma.
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to form or retrieve memories of events that occur after an injury or trauma.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Memory influenced by one’s physical state at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval. Improved memory occurs when the physical states match.
What is state-dependent learning?
The tendency for new memories to impair retrieval of older memories, and the reverse.
What is interference?
The tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories.
What is retroactive interference?
The tendency for old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.
What is proactive interference?
Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious.
What is repression?
A conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness.
What is suppression?
Proposition that the strength of memories weakens over time, making them harder to retrieve.
What is decay theory?
Physical changes in neurons or brain activity that take place when memories are stored.
What are memory traces?
Proposition that memory traces weaken when memories are not periodically used or retrieved.
What is the Law of Disuse (in memory)?
A memory that can seem accurate but is not.
What is a false memory?
Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered.
What is source confusion (in memory)?
Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses.
What is a cognitive interview?
A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests.
What is spaced practice?
A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption.
What is massed practice?
Mental pictures or visual depictions used in memory and thinking.
What are mental images?
A strategy for enhancing memory.
What is a mnemonic device?
As an aid to memory, using a familiar word or image to link two terms.
What is the keyword method?
The idea that people process words and mental images together better than they do words alone.
What is the multimedia principle?
