Ch 8 - Cognition, Language, and Creativity Flashcards
Process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge.
What is cognition?
Thought that is passive, effortless, and automatic.
What is experiential processing?
Thought that it is active, effortful, and controlled.
What is reflective processing?
Mental picture or visual depiction used in memory and thinking.
What are mental images?
Mental category for classifying things based on common features or properties.
What is a concept?
An ideal model used as a prime example of a particular concept.
What is a prototype?
Words or symbols, and rules for combining them, that are used for thinking and communication.
What is language?
Basic speech sounds of a language.
What are phonemes?
Smallest meaningful units in a language, such as syllables or words.
What are morphemes?
A set of rules for combining language units into meaningful speech or writing.
What is grammar?
Rules for ordering words when forming sentences.
What is syntax?
Rules by which a simple declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms (past tense, passive voice, and so forth).
What are transformation rules?
The study of meanings in words and language.
What are semantics?
The exact, dictionary definition of a word or concept; its objective meaning.
What is denotative meaning?
The subjective, personal, or emotional meaning of a word or concept.
What is connotative meaning?
The idea that the words we use not only reflect our thoughts but can shape them as well.
What is linguistic relativity hypothesis?
The ability to speak two languages.
What is bilingualism?
A problem solution achieved by following a series of step-by-step rules.
What is an algorithmic solution?
Drawing conclusions on the basis of formal principles of reasoning.
What is logical thought?
Thinking in which a general rule or principle is gathered from a series of specific examples; for instance, inferring the laws of gravity by observing many falling objects.
What is inductive thought?
Thought that applies a general set of rules to specific situations; for example, using the laws of gravity to predict the behaviour of a single falling object.
What is deductive thought?
A deeper comprehension of the nature of a problem.
What is understanding (in problem solving)?
A solution that correctly states the requirements for success, but not in enough detail for further action.
What is a general solution?
A detailed, practical, and workable solution.
What is a functional solution?
Shortcut or rule of thumb for finding a solution to a problem.
What is a heuristic?
Trying possible solutions to a problem in a more or less random order.
What is a random search strategy?
A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious.
What is insight?
The tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives.
What is fixation (in problem solving)?
Tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use.
What is functional fixedness?
Quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic or clear reasoning.
What is intuition?
A branch of economics that applies psychology to the study of economic decision-making.
What is behavioural economics?
In thought, the terms in which a problem is stated or the way that it is structured.
What is framing?
Mental shortcut that relies on how quickly examples come to mind when evaluating a topic or making a decision.
What is availability heuristic?
Mental shortcut of judging if something belongs in a given class based on similarity to other members.
What is representativeness heuristic?
The basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event.
What is the base rate?
Difficulty making a decision in the face of many alternatives.
What is choice overload?
Thinking directed toward discovery of a single established correct answer; conventional thinking.
What is convergent thinking?
Ability to combine mental elements in new and useful ways.
What is creativity?
Thinking that produces many ideas or alternatives; a major element in original or creative thought.
What is divergent thinking?
In tests of creativity, it refers to the total number of solutions produced.
What is fluency?
In tests of creativity, it is indicated by how many different types of solutions are produced.
What is flexibility?
In tests of creativity, originality refers to how novel or unusual solutions are.
What is originality?
A predisposition to perceive or respond in a particular way.
What is a mental set?
Method of creative thinking that separates the production and evaluation of ideas.
What is brainstorming?
In group problem solving, the tendency of one person’s ideas to trigger ideas from others.
What is the cross-stimulation effect?
