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Body Systems > When the cardiovascular system goes wrong > Flashcards

When the cardiovascular system goes wrong Flashcards

1
Q

What type of disorder is hypertension?

A

CVS disorder

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2
Q

is hypertension systemic? what does this mean?

A

yes.

it affects the CV system

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3
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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4
Q

how does blood pressure change with age?

A

it increases

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5
Q

what are the 2 main types of hypertension?

A

1) primary/ essential/ idiopathic

2) secondary

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6
Q

what makes hypertension primary type?

A

if the medical cause is unknown

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7
Q

what is primary hypertension linked to?

A

genetic predisposition
alcohol intake
lack of exercise

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8
Q

what is the most common type of hypertension?

A

primary

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9
Q

what makes hypertension secondary type?

A

if the medical cause is known

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10
Q

give 2 examples of causes of secondary hypertension

A

kidney disease
endocrine disorders e.g. diabetes
adrenal medulla disease- excessive adrenaline release

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11
Q

why is primary hypertension more difficult to treat?

A

the cause is unknown

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12
Q

what are the 5 types of drug given to those with hypertension?

A
  • drugs which inhibit cardiac/ vascular depolarization, reduce cardiac output and cause vasodilation
  • drugs which inhibit the action of angiotensin II on aldosterone production, preventing renal Na+/H2O absorption reabsorption to prevent blood volume increase
  • drugs which increase Na+ and water loss, therefore reduce blood volume
  • drugs which reduce Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) by inhibiting the action of noradrenaline
  • Drugs which reduce cardiac output
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13
Q

Hypertension is a major risk factor for which other diseases? (give 3)

A
  • atherosclerosis
  • stroke
  • cardiovascular accident
  • heart failure
  • renal failure
  • aneurism
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14
Q

what’s an aneurysm?

A

a weakness in the wall of arteries that can’t sustain high blood pressure- could rupture

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15
Q

what type of disorder are vascular diseases?

A

CVS disorder

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16
Q

what’s arteriosclerosis?

A

vascular disease
hardening and thickening of the arterial walls
loss of tissue elasticity (part of natural ageing process)
clinically significant when due to atherosclerosis

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17
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

vascular disease
atheroma (fatty plaque) in the wall of blood vessel
caused by damage to endothelium
forms a fibrous caps of dense extracellular matrix made up of lipid accumulation, macrophages, etc.
narrows lumen of vessel and restricts blood flow

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18
Q

why can’t atheromas simply be removed?

A

they include a matrix made up of several components and can have blood vessels flowing through them

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19
Q

what’s thrombosis?

A

vascular disease

blood clot in vein and artery

20
Q

what’s the most common type of thrombosis?

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)

21
Q

what is a blood clot in the lungs called?

A

pulmonary embolism (PE)

22
Q

what’s the technical name for heart attack?

A

myocardial infarction

23
Q

what causes a myocardial infarction?

A

blockage of vessel in the heart, causing muscle death

24
Q

what’s the leading cause of death in the developed world?

A

myocardial infarction

25
Q

do myocardial infarctions affect more males or females?

A

males

26
Q

what other disorder often causes myocardial infarction?

A

atherosclerosis of a coronary artery

27
Q

how long after cut off blood supply in heart attack does heart muscle start to die?

A

20 minutes

28
Q

what is Angina pectoris?

A

pain caused by endogenous vasodilators

symptom of underlying problem

29
Q

how is Angine pectoris often treated?

A

stents

30
Q

what can valvular defects cause?

A

blackflow in heart

31
Q

what are the 2 types of valvular defects?

A

regurgitation

stenosis

32
Q

what’s regurgitation?

A

inadequate closure of valve leads to back-flow and decrease in cardiac output

33
Q

what’s stenosis?

A

inadequate opening of valve, obstructing flow- often caused by thickening of the valve or other tissue/muscle

34
Q

how can rheumatic fever cause nitral valve stenosis years after infection?

A

the pathogen has similar proteins to the valves, the body creates antibodies to attack the pathogen and also attacks the valve

35
Q

what are Arrhythmias?

A

deviation of the heart’s normal sinus (SAN) rhythm

36
Q

symptoms of Arrhythmias- give 3

A
  • may be symptomless
  • palpitations
  • dizziness
  • syncope (unexplained fainting)
  • heart failure
  • sudden death
37
Q

what is bradycardia?

A

too slow HR

less than 60 BPM

38
Q

what causes bradycardia?

A

problems in SAN- slowed signal, pause in activity, block of the electrical impulse

39
Q

how is bradycardia treated?

A

pacemaker

40
Q

what is tachycardia?

A

too fast HR

higher than 100 BPM

41
Q

what are the 2 types of tachycardia?

A

sinus

non-sinus

42
Q

what is sinus tachycardia?

A

tachycardia caused by unerlying medical problems affecting SNS

43
Q

what causes non-sinus tachycardia?

A

addition of abnormal impulses

44
Q

what’s chronic heart failure?

A

where cardiac output is inadequate, despite venous return

45
Q

what causes chronic heart failure?

A

decline in contractility and ability to develop forceful contractions

Body Systems (15 decks)

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