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Body Systems > The Heart > Flashcards

The Heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is the heart?

A

Cone shaped, muscular pump

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2
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in the thorax between lungs (medium sternum)

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3
Q

what protects the heart?

A

the ribcage (ribs 2-5)

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4
Q

where is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th intercostal space

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5
Q

what’s the heart wrapped in?

A

pericardium (layers of tissue)

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6
Q

how many types of pericardium are there?

A

2

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7
Q

what are the 2 types of pericardium?

A 
fibrous pericardium (outer)
serous pericardium (inner)
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8
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium, physically?

A

non-elastic sac of dense elastic tissue

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9
Q

How is the fibrous pericardium attached to its surroundings?

A

fuses inferiorly with the diaphragm and superiorly with the great vessels

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10
Q

what’s the function of the fibrous pericardium? (2)

A

to prevent the heart from overfilling with blood

anchors it in position

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11
Q

where is the serous pericardium located?

A

between the heart and the fibrous pericardium

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12
Q

Is the serous pericardium a single or double membrane?

A

double

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13
Q

what are the 2 portions of the serous pericardium double membrane?

A

visceral (inner)

parietal (outer)

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14
Q

what does the serous pericardium secrete?

A

serous fluid

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15
Q

what does serous fluid do?

A

allows the 2 membranes to glide on top of each other in the pericardial cavity (preventing friction)

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16
Q

What are the 3 layers of the thick muscular heart wall made up of?

A
  • endocardium (inner layer)
  • myocardium (middle layer)
  • epicardium (outermost layer)
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17
Q

what’s the endocardium made up of?

A

endothelium (simple squamous epithelia)

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18
Q

what’s the myocardium made up of?

A

spiral bundles of cardiac muscle

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19
Q

what’s the epicardium the same as?

A

the visceral pericardium

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20
Q

what does the epicardium contain?

A

blood vessels which the the heart with blood

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21
Q

Which ventricular wall is thicker?

A

left

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22
Q

why is the left ventricular wall thicker?

A

has to pump at a greater pressure

23
Q

What’s the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A

bands of fibrous connective tissue that are found between the atria and ventricles

24
Q

How does the fibrous skeleton separate the atria from the ventricles?

A

electrically (so only the atria or ventricles are contracting at any one time)

25
Q

How many ways to heart valves open in?

A

1

26
Q

what’s the purpose of heart valves?

A

to prevent backflow of blood

27
Q

What are the 2 types of valves found in the heart?

A

Atroventricular (AV)

Semilunar (SV)

28
Q

Which side of the heart is the tricuspid AV?

A

right

29
Q

which side of the heart is the bicuspid AV?

A

left

30
Q

Where are AV valves found?

A

between atria and ventricles

31
Q

what opens the AV valves?

A

the pressure of the blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles

32
Q

What prevents the valves from everting?

A

they are anchored by chordae tendnae to papillary muscles

33
Q

what are the 2 types of semilunar valves?

A

pulmonary and aortic

34
Q

where’s the pulmonary SV found?

A

between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk

35
Q

where’s the aortic SV found?

A

between the left ventricle and the aorta

36
Q

What opens the SV?

A

the force of the ventricles contracting

37
Q

what keeps the SVs shut?

A

during ventricular diastole, blood flows backwards into the aorta and pulmonary trunk which pools in the cusps to hold the SV shut

38
Q

What is the coronary circulation made up of?

A

vessels running in the epicardium, usually surrounded by fatty tissue

39
Q

How much blood per minute is delivered to the heart by the coronary circulation?

A

250ml

40
Q

When is coronary blood delivered to the myocardium?

A

during ventricular relaxation

41
Q

where do most cardiac veins drain?

A

into the coronary sinus which empties into the right atrium

42
Q

what’s an angiography?

A

an imaging technique used the examine the patency (condition) of vessels

43
Q

generally, what does the conducting system do?

A

coordinates heart contraction

44
Q

what do the cells of the conducting system do?

A

initiate electrical impulse (they don’t contract themselves)

45
Q

draw a flow diagram showing the movement of electrical impulse through the heart

A

Sinoatrial Node (SN)–> Atrioventricular Node –> Atrioventricular bundle–> branches off to left and right heart–> ends at Perkinje fibres

46
Q

what does an Electrocardiogram (ECG) do?

A

records the electrical activity of the heart

47
Q

How are oxygen and nutrients delivered to a foetus?

A

from the placenta via the umbilical cord

48
Q

what does foetal circulation bypass?

A

the non-functional lungs and the liver

49
Q

What allows the non-functional lungs and the liver in the foetus to be bypassed? (2)

A

Ductus Venosus

Gap in the heart’s septum- Foramen Ovale

50
Q

What does the Ductus ateriosus connect?

A

the pulmonary trunk to the arch of the aorta

51
Q

What changes occur at birth when the newborn takes their first breath?

A
  • lungs expand–> blood rushes into pulmonary circulation –> O2 levels rise–> ductus arteriosus constricts
  • Left Arterial pressure increases causing the foramen ovale to become the fossa ovalis
  • The umbical cord is tied–> umbilical vessels closes –> ductus venosus closes
52
Q

what does the ductus venosus become?

A

ligamentum venosum

53
Q

what does the foramen ovale become?

A

fossa ovalis

54
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus become?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

Body Systems (15 decks)

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