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Body Systems > Respiratory system introduction > Flashcards

Respiratory system introduction Flashcards

1
Q

give 3 functions of the respiratory system

A
  • provide oxygen to all the body tissues
  • remove CO2
  • regulate blood pH
  • defence against pathogens
  • produce sound
  • olfaction (smell)
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2
Q

what does pulmonary refer to?

A

the lungs

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3
Q

what does ‘airways’ refer to?

A

all the ‘tubes’ through which air flows between the external environment and the alveoli (lungs)

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4
Q

define ispiration

A

the movement of air from external environment into the alveoli

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5
Q

define expiration

A

the movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

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6
Q

expiration+ inhalation =

A

respiratory cycle

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7
Q

what makes up the upper respiratory tract? (4)

A

nose
pharynx
paranasal sinuses
larynx

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8
Q

what does the upper respiratory tract do (4)

A
  • warms, moistens and filters air
  • olfaction
  • protects lower tract
  • resonates sound
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9
Q

what makes up the lower respiratory tract? (4)

A

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

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10
Q

what is the purpose of the nose? (2)

A 
warms, moistens and filters air 
has receptors (smell)
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11
Q

what are the 3 functional adaptations/components of the nose?

A

vibrissae
conchae
mucosa

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12
Q

what are vibrissae?

A

hair at the entrance of nose which trap large dust particles

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13
Q

what are conchae?

A

shelf-like projections from lateral nasal wall

produce turbulence which allows more time to warm and moisten air

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14
Q

what’s mucosa?

A

made up of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
goblet cells produce mucous to trap particles
cilia waft the mucous and trapped particles to pharynx where they can be swallowed

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15
Q

what underlies the mucosa?

A

rich capillary network

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16
Q

why does a rich capillary network underlay the mucosa?

A

warms air

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17
Q

where is olfactory mucosa located in the nose?

A

upper aspect

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18
Q

what does the olfactory mucosa do?

A

contains receptors for smell

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19
Q

what are paranasal sinuses?

A

air filled spaces that drain into nasal cavity
lighten the skull and resonate sound
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

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20
Q

what does the pharynx do?

A

forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

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21
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynogopharynx

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22
Q

where is the nasopharynx?

A

posterior to nose

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23
Q

where is the oropharynx?

A

posterior to mouth

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24
Q

where is the larynogopharynx?

A

posterior to larynx

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25
Q

what are the negative implications of the close proximity of GI and respiratory pathway?

A

can mix with substances going down the wrong way

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26
Q

what are the main functions of the larynx? give 3

A 
3 from:
maintains an open airway
prevents food and drink from entering the lower respiratory tract
sound production
coughing
defaecation
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27
Q

what cartilage surrounds the larynx?

A

thyroid (adam’s apple)
cricoid cartilage
epiglotis
arytenoid cartilage

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28
Q

what bone surrounds the larynx?

A

hyoid bone (what’s broken in strangulation)

29
Q

what’s the glottis ?

A

an opening which stays open mostly but closes during swallowing to protect lower respiratory tract

30
Q

what’s the trachea like?

A

tough

flexible tube

31
Q

how long is the trachea?

A

4.5cm

32
Q

what’s the diameter of the trachea?

A

2.5 cm

33
Q

the trachea extends from where to where?

A

larynx to carina

34
Q

where does the trachea lay in relation to the oesophegus?

A

anterior

35
Q

what does the trachea contain?

A

15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages to keep the airways open

lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with goblet cells

36
Q

what’s the purpose of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia in the trachea?

A

forms mucociliary escalator
has mucous layer and goblet cells
dust trapped in mucous
cilia waft the dust and mucous up to the oesophagus where is can be swallowed

37
Q

very generally, what is the bronchial tree?

A

branching network of tubes

38
Q

how do bronchi change as they get further into lungs/closer to alveoli?

A

smaller
less cartilage
more smooth muscle
height of epithelial cells decreases (columnar –> cuboidal –> squamous)

39
Q

what do the primary bronchi do?

A

supply each lung

40
Q

how long are the primary bronchi?

A

2-3 cm long

41
Q

what’s the difference between the right and left bronchi?

A

right is wider and more vertical than the left

42
Q

what shape is the cartilage in the primary bronchi?

A

C shaped

43
Q

what does the secondary bronchi do?

A

supplies the lobes of the lung

44
Q

how many secondary bronchi in right lung?

A

3

45
Q

how many secondary bronchi in left lung?

A

2

46
Q

what’s the cartilage like in secondary bronchi?

A

there are plates of cartilage which encircle the tube but with gaps between

47
Q

what do tertiary bronchi do?

A

supply segments of lung

48
Q

how many tertiary bronchi on the right?

A

10

49
Q

how many tertiary bronchi on the left?

A

8

50
Q

what’s the cartilage like in the tertiary bronchi?

A

plates of cartilage

51
Q

what’s the bronchus like?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with goblet cells
cartilage plates

52
Q

what’s the structure of brochioles?

A

no cartilage
smooth muscle (can constrict and dilate)
each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles

53
Q

what are terminal bronchioles like?

A

simple columnar epithelium with cilia
no goblet cells or mucous glands
clara cells produce surfactant
each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles

54
Q

what are respiratory bronchioles like?

A

simple cuboidal epithelia
clara cells- pruduce surfactant
no cilia
alveoli external from the lumen- gas exchange occurs here

55
Q

what are alveoli?

A

the site of gas exchange

56
Q

how many alveoli per lung?

A

15-250 million

57
Q

what are alveolar ducts?

A

wall that makes up alveoli

58
Q

what are alveoli surrounded by ?

A

network of capillaries

59
Q

what are the types of cell in the alveoli? (3)

A

type I
type II
Macrophages

60
Q

what type of cell is type one and what does it do in alveoli?

A

simple squamous epithelium

forms wall of alveolus

61
Q

what do type II cells do?

A

secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension

62
Q

what to macrophages do in alveoli?

A

come out of blood into alveolus to phagocytoze small inhaled particles and bacteria

63
Q

what’s found between alveolus and capillaries?

A

respiratory membrane

64
Q

what’s the respiratory membrane made up of? (4)

A

simple squamous epithelium (type I cell)
basement membrane of type 1 cell
basement membrane of capillary
endothelium of capillary

65
Q

what can the respiratory tract also be organised into? (2)

A

conductive

respiratory

66
Q

what do conductive parts of the respiratory tract do?

A

warms, moistens and conducts air to lungs

67
Q

which parts of the respiratory tract are conductive?

A

nose to terminal bronchioles

68
Q

what do the respiratory parts of the respiratory tract do?

A

gas exchange

69
Q

which parts of the tract are respiratory?

A

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli

Body Systems (15 decks)

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