Respiratory system introduction

Question 1

give 3 functions of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• provide oxygen to all the body tissues
• remove CO2
• regulate blood pH
• defence against pathogens
• produce sound
• olfaction (smell)

Question 2

what does pulmonary refer to?

Answer 2

the lungs

Question 3

what does ‘airways’ refer to?

Answer 3

all the ‘tubes’ through which air flows between the external environment and the alveoli (lungs)

Question 4

define ispiration

Answer 4

the movement of air from external environment into the alveoli

Question 5

define expiration

Answer 5

the movement of air from the alveoli to the external environment

Question 6

expiration+ inhalation =

Answer 6

respiratory cycle

Question 7

what makes up the upper respiratory tract? (4)

Answer 7

nose
pharynx
paranasal sinuses
larynx

Question 8

what does the upper respiratory tract do (4)

Answer 8

• warms, moistens and filters air
• olfaction
• protects lower tract
• resonates sound

Question 9

what makes up the lower respiratory tract? (4)

Answer 9

trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli

Question 10

what is the purpose of the nose? (2)

Answer 10

warms, moistens and filters air 
has receptors (smell)

Question 11

what are the 3 functional adaptations/components of the nose?

Answer 11

vibrissae
conchae
mucosa

Question 12

what are vibrissae?

Answer 12

hair at the entrance of nose which trap large dust particles

Question 13

what are conchae?

Answer 13

shelf-like projections from lateral nasal wall

produce turbulence which allows more time to warm and moisten air

Question 14

what’s mucosa?

Answer 14

made up of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
goblet cells produce mucous to trap particles
cilia waft the mucous and trapped particles to pharynx where they can be swallowed

Question 15

what underlies the mucosa?

Answer 15

rich capillary network

Question 16

why does a rich capillary network underlay the mucosa?

Answer 16

warms air

Question 17

where is olfactory mucosa located in the nose?

Answer 17

upper aspect

Question 18

what does the olfactory mucosa do?

Answer 18

contains receptors for smell

Question 19

what are paranasal sinuses?

Answer 19

air filled spaces that drain into nasal cavity
lighten the skull and resonate sound
lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

Question 20

what does the pharynx do?

Answer 20

forms a communal passageway for respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

Question 21

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

Answer 21

nasopharynx
oropharynx
larynogopharynx

Question 22

where is the nasopharynx?

Answer 22

posterior to nose

Question 23

where is the oropharynx?

Answer 23

posterior to mouth

Question 24

where is the larynogopharynx?

Answer 24

posterior to larynx

Question 25

what are the negative implications of the close proximity of GI and respiratory pathway?

Answer 25

can mix with substances going down the wrong way

Question 26

what are the main functions of the larynx? give 3

Answer 26

``` 3 from: maintains an open airway prevents food and drink from entering the lower respiratory tract sound production coughing defaecation ```

Question 27

what cartilage surrounds the larynx?

Answer 27

thyroid (adam's apple) cricoid cartilage epiglotis arytenoid cartilage

Question 28

what bone surrounds the larynx?

Answer 28

hyoid bone (what's broken in strangulation)

Question 29

what's the glottis ?

Answer 29

an opening which stays open mostly but closes during swallowing to protect lower respiratory tract

Question 30

what's the trachea like?

Answer 30

tough | flexible tube

Question 31

how long is the trachea?

Answer 31

4.5cm

Question 32

what's the diameter of the trachea?

Answer 32

2.5 cm

Question 33

the trachea extends from where to where?

Answer 33

larynx to carina

Question 34

where does the trachea lay in relation to the oesophegus?

Answer 34

anterior

Question 35

what does the trachea contain?

Answer 35

15-20 horseshoe shaped cartilages to keep the airways open | lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with goblet cells

Question 36

what's the purpose of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia in the trachea?

Answer 36

forms mucociliary escalator has mucous layer and goblet cells dust trapped in mucous cilia waft the dust and mucous up to the oesophagus where is can be swallowed

Question 37

very generally, what is the bronchial tree?

Answer 37

branching network of tubes

Question 38

how do bronchi change as they get further into lungs/closer to alveoli?

Answer 38

smaller less cartilage more smooth muscle height of epithelial cells decreases (columnar --> cuboidal --> squamous)

Question 39

what do the primary bronchi do?

Answer 39

supply each lung

Question 40

how long are the primary bronchi?

Answer 40

2-3 cm long

Question 41

what's the difference between the right and left bronchi?

Answer 41

right is wider and more vertical than the left

Question 42

what shape is the cartilage in the primary bronchi?

Answer 42

C shaped

Question 43

what does the secondary bronchi do?

Answer 43

supplies the lobes of the lung

Question 44

how many secondary bronchi in right lung?

Answer 44

3

Question 45

how many secondary bronchi in left lung?

Answer 45

2

Question 46

what's the cartilage like in secondary bronchi?

Answer 46

there are plates of cartilage which encircle the tube but with gaps between

Question 47

what do tertiary bronchi do?

Answer 47

supply segments of lung

Question 48

how many tertiary bronchi on the right?

Answer 48

10

Question 49

how many tertiary bronchi on the left?

Answer 49

8

Question 50

what's the cartilage like in the tertiary bronchi?

Answer 50

plates of cartilage

Question 51

what's the bronchus like?

Answer 51

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia with goblet cells cartilage plates

Question 52

what's the structure of brochioles?

Answer 52

no cartilage smooth muscle (can constrict and dilate) each gives rise to 50-80 terminal bronchioles

Question 53

what are terminal bronchioles like?

Answer 53

simple columnar epithelium with cilia no goblet cells or mucous glands clara cells produce surfactant each gives rise to 2 or more respiratory bronchioles

Question 54

what are respiratory bronchioles like?

Answer 54

simple cuboidal epithelia clara cells- pruduce surfactant no cilia alveoli external from the lumen- gas exchange occurs here

Question 55

what are alveoli?

Answer 55

the site of gas exchange

Question 56

how many alveoli per lung?

Answer 56

15-250 million

Question 57

what are alveolar ducts?

Answer 57

wall that makes up alveoli

Question 58

what are alveoli surrounded by ?

Answer 58

network of capillaries

Question 59

what are the types of cell in the alveoli? (3)

Answer 59

type I type II Macrophages

Question 60

what type of cell is type one and what does it do in alveoli?

Answer 60

simple squamous epithelium | forms wall of alveolus

Question 61

what do type II cells do?

Answer 61

secrete surfactant to reduce surface tension

Question 62

what to macrophages do in alveoli?

Answer 62

come out of blood into alveolus to phagocytoze small inhaled particles and bacteria

Question 63

what's found between alveolus and capillaries?

Answer 63

respiratory membrane

Question 64

what's the respiratory membrane made up of? (4)

Answer 64

simple squamous epithelium (type I cell) basement membrane of type 1 cell basement membrane of capillary endothelium of capillary

Question 65

what can the respiratory tract also be organised into? (2)

Answer 65

conductive | respiratory

Question 66

what do conductive parts of the respiratory tract do?

Answer 66

warms, moistens and conducts air to lungs

Question 67

which parts of the respiratory tract are conductive?

Answer 67

nose to terminal bronchioles

Question 68

what do the respiratory parts of the respiratory tract do?

Answer 68

gas exchange

Question 69

which parts of the tract are respiratory?

Answer 69

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli