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Body Systems > the anatomy of ventilation > Flashcards

the anatomy of ventilation Flashcards

1
Q

define pulmonary circulation

A

the physical movement of air into and out of the respiratory tract

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2
Q

what’s the function of pulmonary ventilation? (2)

A

ensure continuous supply of oxygen

prevents build up of CO2

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3
Q

what 2 principles does pulmonary ventilation rely on?

A
  • Boyles law

- air flows from an area of high to low pressure

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4
Q

what’s Boyle’s law?

A

the pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume

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5
Q

as volume increases, pressure

A

decreases— and vice versa

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6
Q

when will air enter lungs?

A

when atmospheric pressure is greater than the pressure inside the lungs

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7
Q

when will air leave the lungs?

A

when pressure inside the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

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8
Q

what is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

760mmHg

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9
Q

how do atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressure interact when at rest in respiratory cycle?

A

they are equal/ the same

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10
Q

what happens during ispiration?

A

lung volume increases, pressure inside decreases, lower than atmospheric pressure, air moves in

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11
Q

what happens during expiration?

A

lung volume decreases. pressure inside increases, air moves out as pressure is higher in lungs than atmospheric pressure

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12
Q

how can thoracic volume increase?

A

increasing vertical diameter
increasing anterior posterior diameter
increasing transverse diameter

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13
Q

how is vertical diameter increased?

A

contraction of diaphragm

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14
Q

what percentage increase in thoracic capacity is the diaphragm responsible for?

A

75%

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15
Q

how is anterior posterior and transverse diamaters increased?

A

elevation of the ribs

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16
Q

what percentage increase in thoracic capacity is the elevation of the ribs responsible for?

A

25%

17
Q

what happens when the ribs elevate to increase anterior- posterior diameter?

A

they become more horizontal and the sternum is pushed forward- pump handle movement

18
Q

what happens when the ribs elevate to increase transverse diameter?

A

the ribs are lowest near their middle and rise at each end- looking like a bucket handle
the middle of the rib rises moving away from the mid- line of the body, making the chest wider transversely

19
Q

what’s the role of the pleura in ventilation?

A

a surface tension is created by the film of serous fluid between the parietal and visceral pleura ensuring that they can’t be pulled apart

20
Q

what is intrapleural pressure in comparison to atmospheric and intrapulmonary pressures?

A

always lower

21
Q

what creates this lower intrapleural pressure?

A

elastic recoil of the lungs

22
Q

what’s pneumothorax?

A

a collapsed lung

23
Q

what causes a pneumothorax?

A

accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavitiy e.g. caused by a stab wound
pressure ends up similar to atmospheric so lungs can’t expand and contract as normal
lung collapses

24
Q

how can pneumothorax be treated?

A

a chest drain put in the collapsed lung , removing the air in the pleural cavity and allows reinflation of the lung and a return to negative intrapleural pressure

25
Q

is inspiration an active or passive process?

A

active

26
Q

what makes inspiration an active process?

A

muscles are always used

27
Q

what muscles are involved in quiet/ at rest inspiration? (2)

A

diaphragm

external intercostal muscles

28
Q

what muscles are involved in forced inspiration?

A 
diaphragm
external intercostal muscles
pectoralis major and minor
scalenes
serratus anterior
sternocleidomastoid
29
Q

what do the muscles involved in forced inspiration do?

A

assist rib elevation and increase the speed of and the amount of movement

30
Q

is quiet expiration passive or active?

A

passive

31
Q

what is meant by quiet expiration being passive?

A

muscles relax

32
Q

what muscles are involved in (relax) during quiet expiration?

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

33
Q

is forced expiration an active or passive process?

A

active

34
Q

what muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A

diaphragm
external intercostals
internal intercostals- contract
abdominal muscles

35
Q

what happens when chemoreceptors detect changes in O2, CO2 and pH?

A

signals travel along the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves (afferent pathway)
to the respiratory centres in brain stem
signals travel from the brain along the phrenic, intercostal and other nerves (efferent pathway)
to send signals to the muscles of ventilation

Body Systems (15 decks)

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