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Body Systems > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

How many litres of blood does the average adult have?

A

5

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2
Q

what percent of a human’s weight is blood?

A

7

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3
Q

What sort of tissue is blood?

A

a fluid connective tissue

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4
Q

What’s blood made up of?

A

45% cells

55% plasma

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5
Q

What’s plasma made up of?

A

92% water

7% plasma proteins

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6
Q

what’s plasma’s function?

A

transport :
organic and inorganic molecules
formed elements
heat

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7
Q

What’s Hemopoisesis?

A

the production of all cells in the blood

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8
Q

what’s erythropoiesis?

A

the formation of red blood cells

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9
Q

what’s an erythrocyte?

A

a red blood cell

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10
Q

How does a hemocytoplast become an erythrocyte?

A

Hemoctyoblast (stem cell)–> proerythroblast (committed cell) –> early erythroblast (ribosomes are sythesised)–> late erythroblast (hemoglobin accumulates)–> normoblast (nucleus is ejected)–> reticulocyte–> erythrocyte

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11
Q

what’s required for erythrocyte formation? (6)

A
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Iron
  • Vitamins B12
  • B9 (folic acid)
  • intrinsic factor
  • Amino acids
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12
Q

What shape are red blood cells?

A

biconcave discs

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13
Q

Where does erythropoiesis happen in the foetus?

A

early in the yolk sac then in the liver and spleen then bone marrow

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14
Q

where does erythropoiesis happen in an infant?

A

all bone marrow

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15
Q

where does erythropoiesis happen in an adult?

A

only red bone marrow e.g. ribs, vertebrae etc.

if there’s problems with this they can be produced in all bone marrow, liver and spleen

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16
Q

Give 3 properties of RBCs

A
  • biconcave disc shape
  • can bend/fold- highly flexible
  • can stack
  • strong and rigid cytoskeleton
  • no organelles- just haemoglobin
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17
Q

what’s an RBCs life span?

A

limited, average of 120 days

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18
Q

where are RBCs broken down?

A

in the spleen

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19
Q

what breaks down RBCs in the spleen?

A

macrophages

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20
Q

What’s Haemoglobin broken down into?

A

Haem and Globin

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21
Q

what is Haem?

A

iron containing compound

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22
Q

What can the iron from haemoglobin be used for?

A

making more RBCs or broken down into bilrubin which can be excreted

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23
Q

what can the globin element be broken down into?

A

amino acids which can be used for proteins or new RBCs

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24
Q

What’s Hypoxia?

A

low blood-oxygen level

25
Q

what can cause hypoxia? (4)

A

exercise
high altitude
smoking
bleeding

26
Q

what detects hypoxia?

A

receptors in the kidneys

27
Q

what happens when receptors in the kidneys detect hypoxia?

A

the kidneys produce more erythropoietin

28
Q

What happens when the kidneys produce more erythropoietin?

A

stem cells increase RBC production and oxygen blood level returns to normal

29
Q

What feedback system is the body’s reaction to hypoxia an example of?

A

negative

30
Q

how many Haemoglobin molecules per RBC?

A

28 million

31
Q

When in the production of RBCs is haemoglobin produced?

A

before the RBCs become mature

32
Q

what does Haemoglobin transport (4)

A

oxygen
carbon dioxide
carbon monoxide
hydrogen ions

33
Q

How much haemoglobin per 1dl of blood?

A

15g

34
Q

is there more haemoglobin in males or females?

A

males (slightly)

35
Q

how many subunits in a haemoglobin molecule?

A

4

36
Q

what are the 4 subunits of a haemoglobin molecule?

A

2 alpha

2 beta

37
Q

what does each haemoglobin subunit contain?

A

a haem bond to a long polypeptide chain (globin)

38
Q

What is Anaemia?

A

low haemoglobin level

39
Q

What’s the accepted minimum haemoglobin amount in males?

A

13.5g/dL

40
Q

What’s the accepted minimum haemoglobin amount in females?

A

12g/dL

41
Q

How common is anaemia?

A

1 in 3 - common

42
Q

what are the 3 causes of anaemia?

A

decreased RBC production (often diet caused)
increased RBC destruction (disorder caused)
blood loss

43
Q

what are the 4 types of anaemia?

A
  • iron deficiency
  • megaloblastic anaemia
  • sickle cell anaemia
  • thalassaemia
44
Q

what’s the most common type of anaemia?

A

iron deficiency

45
Q

What happens in iron deficient anaemia?

A

low iron, therefore the individual can’t produce fully functional RBCs

46
Q

what do RBCs look like in someone with iron deficient anaemia?

A

have varied shape/size/colour

decreased mean cell volume (MCV)

47
Q

what are the causes of iron deficient anaemia?

A

pregnancy
malabsorbtion
bleeding

48
Q

What causes Megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Vitamin 12 deficiency

49
Q

what does megoblastic anaemia do to RBCs?

A

produces abnormal RBCs

50
Q

what are the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency causing megaloblastic anaemia?

A

lack of intrinsic factor (reduced B12 absorption)
Crohns/Coeliac disease
dietry deficiency (folic/folate deficiency)
pregnancy
old age

51
Q

what’s the treatment for megaloblastic anaemia?

A

B12 injection (to bypass the GI tract)

52
Q

How does someone get sickle-cell anaemia?

A

it’s inherited

53
Q

what does sickle cell anaemia do to haemoglobin?

A

causes abnormal haemoglobin structure (sickle shaped)

54
Q

what does the sickle-shaped haemoglobin do to affect RBCs?

A

they can get easily stuck in vessels

55
Q

is there a cure for sickle cell anaemia?

A

no

56
Q

how is sickle cell anaemia managed?

A

antibiotics, painkillers and a good diet

57
Q

who does sickle cell anaemia most commonly affect?

A

Afro- Caribbeans

people in Areas of Cyprus and Italy

58
Q

How does someone get thalassaemia?

A

it’s hereditary

59
Q

What does thalassaemia do?

A

causes abnormal haemoglobin function

Body Systems (15 decks)

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