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Body Systems > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components involved in the regulation of blood circulation?

A

Brain

Kidneys (adrenal glands)

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2
Q

what’s the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

enables an adequate supply of blood to tissues, supplying nutrients, signal molecules and waste products

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3
Q

what must blood supply be depending on the needs or the organs/tissues (physiological demands)?

A

adaptable

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4
Q

why must there be an establishment of pressure differentials across tissues?

A

for capillary exchange

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5
Q

what is haemodynamics?

A

the physics of blood flow

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6
Q

what letter indicates the flow of blood?

A

F

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7
Q

what letter denotes resistance?

A

R

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8
Q

what letter denotes pressure difference (between point A and B)?

A

P

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9
Q

what’s Darcy’s law?

A

F= difference in P/ difference in R

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10
Q

what 3 factors is R (resistance) affected by?

A

length of vessel (L)
radius of vessel (r)
fluid viscosity (n)

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11
Q

if blood is lower in protein is it more or less viscous?

A

lless (blood flows more freely)

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12
Q

what’s the equation to calculate resistance?

A

R= 8Ln/pi r^4

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13
Q

what is resistance proportional to?

A

1/r^4

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14
Q

by combining Darcy’s law and the equation for Resistance how is F calculated?

A

F= difference in P x pi r^4/8Ln

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15
Q

what is Flow proportional to?

A

r^4

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16
Q

How does a smaller radius affect resistance?

A

more blood in contact with wall therefore more resistance so reduced flow

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17
Q

order these by diameter: Elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles (largest to smallest)

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

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18
Q

order these by the rate of blood flow: Elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles (highest to lowest)

A

elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles

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19
Q

what is the pressure gradient (difference in P) determined by?

A

contraction of heart muscle

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20
Q

are there differences in intra-cardiac pressure (between each valve)?

A

yes

21
Q

what’s the technical term for contraction?

A

systole

22
Q

what’s the technical term for relaxation?

A

diastole

23
Q

what’s the pressure in the left ventricle at contraction/systole? (mmHg)

A

100-140

24
Q

what’s the pressure in the left ventricle at relaxation/diastole? (mmHg)

A

3-12

25
Q

what’s the pressure in the right atria during contraction/systole?(mmHg)

A

6-12

26
Q

what’s the pressure in the right ventricle during relaxation/diastole? (mmHg)

A

3-8

27
Q

what’s the pressure in the right atria during contraction/systole? (mmHg)

A

2-6

28
Q

why is the left of the heart under higher pressure than the right?

A

higher pressure is required for peripheral circulation than pulmonary

29
Q

what’s ideal blood pressure?

A

110/70

30
Q

what’s the issue with having an ideal blood pressure?

A

it changes with age and other factors

31
Q

how does blood pressure appear on a graph?

A

a wave

32
Q

what’s happening on a blood pressure graph as the wave rises?

A

systole

33
Q

what’s happening on a blood pressure graph as the wave falls?

A

diastole

34
Q

why’s there are notch between systole and diastole on a blood pressure graph?

A

valves are closing

35
Q

how is mean arterial pressure calculated?

A

mean arterial pressure= 1/3 pulse pressure (difference between systole and diastole)/ diastolic pressure

36
Q

what 3 components are considered looking at the cardiac cycle?

A

electrical events
mechanical events
electro-mechanical contraction coupling (ECG)

37
Q

what’s the conduction pathway?

A

SAN–>atrial myocardium –> AV node –> Bundle of His–> Purkinje network –> ventricular myocardium

38
Q

at what speed is the electrical signal from the atria to atrioventricular node?

A

1 m/s

39
Q

what speed is the electrical signal from atrioventricular node to bundles of His?

A

0.05m/s

40
Q

what speed is the electrical signal from bundles of His to ventricular myocardium (along the purkinje fibres)?

A

1 m/s

41
Q

what regulates the heart’s electrical impulse?

A

SAN, AVN and BoH

42
Q

during most of the cardiac cycle are the atria and ventricles relaxed or contracting?

A

relaxed (allowing blood to fill the heart)

43
Q

what is an ECG?

A

a devise where sensors are places externally on the body, which produces an ECG trace to detect the action potential throughout the cardiac cycle

44
Q

what does the P-wave show on an ECG trace?

A

atrial depolarization, therefore contraction

45
Q

what does the QRS complex show on an ECG trace?

A

spread of electrical signal associated with ventricular contraction. Atria are relaxing which is masked by the larger ventricular contraction event

46
Q

what does the T-wave show on an ECG trace?

A

ventricle repolarization/relaxation (atria are also contracting which is masked by ventricular activity)

47
Q

why is the T-wave positive?

A

it shows repolarization

48
Q

what is the Q-T interval?

A

time from the initiation of ventricular contraction to the end of ventricular relaxation

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