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Body Systems > The mechanics of breathing > Flashcards

The mechanics of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

in terms of resistance to breathing what factors affect it? (2)

A

lung compliance

airway resistance

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2
Q

what’s lung compliance?

A

the ease with which the lungs can be expanded

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3
Q

what 3 factors affect lung compliance?

A

elasticity of lung tissue
mobility of chest wall
surface tension (of the alveoli)

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4
Q

what does elastic recoil oppose?

A

inspiration

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5
Q

what does elastic recoil aid?

A

expiration

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6
Q

when looking at a graph showing lung pressure during the respiratory cycle, what would it look like if there was no airway resistance?

A

no curve on the graph

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7
Q

how is compliance calculated?

A

change in volume (L)/ change in pressure cm H2O

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8
Q

what unit is compliance given in?

A

litres/cmH2O

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9
Q

what is the mobility of the thoracic cage?

A

the movement of the thoracic cage

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10
Q

what causes surface tension?

A

intermolecular forces between molecules in a liquid

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11
Q

what’s LaPlace’s law?

A

law describing the relationship between pressure (p), tension (T) and the radius of the alveolus (r)

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12
Q

according to LaPlace’s law, how is pressure (p) calculated?

A

p= 2T/r

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13
Q

how does pulmonary surfactant affect surface tension?

A

reduces it

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14
Q

what does a reduced surface tension mean for complicance?

A

it increases it

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15
Q

what does surfactant do to alveoli?

A

keeps uniform alveoli size

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16
Q

what is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?

A

lack of surfactant secretion in premature babies, reducing compliance
causes alveoli collapse on exhalation and makes it difficult to inflate lungs

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17
Q

how many will die from neonatal respiratory distress syndrome without rapid treatment?

A

50%

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18
Q

does neonatal respiratory distress syndrome have a good or bad income with treatment?

A

good

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19
Q

what’s airway resistance?

A

major ‘non elastic’ source of resistance to gas flow

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20
Q

how does increasing resistance affected gas flow?

A

it reduces it

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21
Q

what is resistance mainly determined by?

A

radius

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22
Q

how is resistance affected along the journey of airflow (trachea–> terminal bronchiole)?

A

it reduces (even though it’s getting smaller, we have more of the tubes)

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23
Q

what 2 factors affect airway resistance?

A

lung volume

bronchial smooth muscle

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24
Q

what do the bronchi do as the lung expands?

A

dilate

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25
Q

as we grow up what happens to lung volume, therefore what happens to resistance?

A

it increases, therefore resistance reduces

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26
Q

how does the parasympathetic nerve affect bronchi?

A

causes bronchoconstriction

27
Q

how does the sympathetic nerve and adrenaline affect bronchi?

A

causes bronchodilation

28
Q

what is forced vital capacity (FVC)?

A

amount of air that can be expired when there’s been a forced inspiration

29
Q

how is airway resistance measured?

A

looking at forced vital capacity

30
Q

what can listening to breath sounds find?(2)

A
  • presence of mucous/fluid

- absence of breath sounds- due to a collapsed lung

31
Q

what can pulmonary function be measured with?(2)

A

peak flow metre

spirometer

32
Q

what does a peak flow metre measure?

A

the speed at which you are able to breathe air out

33
Q

who are peak flow metres used by?

A

chronic asthmatics (on a regular basis) - to determine cause of asthma

34
Q

what does a spirometer measure?

A

lung pressure and volumes

35
Q

what type of breathing does a spirometer measure?

A

normal/ tidal breathing

36
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

the volume of air removed per breath

37
Q

what’s the average tidal volume for men and women?

A

500 ml

38
Q

what’s functional residual capacity?

A

the amount of air remaining in lungs at all time to stabilise the composition of alveolar air

39
Q

can functional residual capacity be measured by spirometry?

A

no

40
Q

what’s Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

A

amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation

41
Q

what’s the average inspiratory reserve volume of males?

A

3300 mls

42
Q

what’s the average inspiratory reserve volume of females?

A

1900 mls

43
Q

what’s expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal tidal inhalation

44
Q

how is vital capacity measured?

A

VC= tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

45
Q

what is vital capacity?

A

the maximum amount of air that can be expired after maximum inspiratory effort

46
Q

what’s the average vital capacity for males?

A

4800ml/ 4.8L

47
Q

what’s the average vital capacity for females?

A

4200ml/4.2L

48
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

maximum amount of air that can be inspired after a normal expiration

49
Q

how is inspiratory capacity calculated?

A

IC= Tidal Volume + inspiratory reserve volume

50
Q

how is functional residual capacity calculated?

A

FRC= residual volume + expiratory residual volume

51
Q

what is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

max amount of air contained in the lungs after maximum inspiratory effort

52
Q

what’s the average total lung capacity for males?

A

6L

53
Q

what’s the average total lung capacity for females?

A

4.2L

54
Q

how is Total Lung Capacity (TLC) calculated?

A

TLC= Tidal volume + Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

55
Q

How does the respiratory system adapt to changing O2 demands? (2)

A

by varying:
number of breaths per minute (rate)
volume of air per breath (tidal volume)

56
Q

by what other name is pulmonary ventilation rate known?

A

respiratory minute volume

57
Q

what is pulmonary ventilation rate/ respiratory minute rate?

A

amount of air moved per minute

58
Q

how is pulmonary ventilation rate/ respiratory minute rate calculated?

A

tidal volume x breathing frequency

59
Q

what’s the normal breathing frequency?

A

12-15 per minute

60
Q

for every 500ml tidal volume, how much doesn’t reach the alveolar exchange surfaces?

A

150ml

61
Q

what’s the purpose of the 150ml that doesn’t reach the alveolar exchange surfaces?

A

to retain the integrity of conducting airways

62
Q

what’s anatomical deadspace?

A

volume of air in conducting passages that doesn’t participate in exchange

63
Q

what’s alveolar ventilation?

A

amount of air reaching alveoli each minute

64
Q

how is alveolar ventilation calculated?

A

respiratory rate x (Tidal Volume- Anatomical dead space

Body Systems (15 decks)

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