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NUTR 315 > Weight Management > Flashcards

Weight Management Flashcards

1
Q

what is obesity?

A

usually defined as greater than or equal to 120% of “ideal body weight”

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2
Q

how do you determine ideal body weight?

A

metropolitan life tables; surgeon general; BMI; WHtR (wast circumference/height ratio); SAD (sagittal abdominal diameter); SADHtR (SAD/Height Ratio)

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3
Q

what are other factors that relate to obesity?

A

family history of chronic disease, pattern of fat distribution, and current health status

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4
Q

what is the formula for BMI using kg

A

body weight (kg) / height (m)^2

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5
Q

what is the formula for BMI using lb?

A

weight (lb) x 703.1 / height (in)^2

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6
Q

what does it mean if your BMI is less than 18.5?

A

underweight

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7
Q

what does it mean if your BMI is 18.5-24.9?

A

acceptable range

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8
Q

what does it mean if your BMI is 25-29.9?

A

overweight

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9
Q

What does it mean if your BMI is 30-39.9?

A

obese

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10
Q

What does it mean if your BMI is greater than 40?

A

severely obese

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11
Q

what is the range of body fat?

A

2-70%

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12
Q

what percent of body fat is considered obese?

A

> 24% (men)/35% (women)

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13
Q

what are methods for estimating body fat?

A

underwater weighing, skinfold thickness, bioelectric impedance, DEXA

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14
Q

T/F: we need some body fat

A

true

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15
Q

T/F: body weight/BMI is always an indicator of obesity

A

false, not always

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16
Q

what are the problems associated with obesity?

A

increased risk for chronic disease; psychological health; economic

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17
Q

what chronic diseases can be caused by obesity?

A

coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, gallstones, and hypertension

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18
Q

what psychological health . problems are associated with obesity?

A

negative self-image and discrimination

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19
Q

what economic problems are associated with obesity?

A

health care, weight reducing aids, and lost time from work

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20
Q

what are the causes of obesity?

A

genetics (body type, lipoprotein lipase, energy expenditure) and behavior (energy intake and energy output)

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21
Q

what is apple shape?

A

upper body fat distribution

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22
Q

what is pear shape?

A

lower body fat distribution

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23
Q

are females more pear or apple shaped?

A

pear shaped

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24
Q

are males more pear or apple shaped?

A

apple shaped

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25
what is appetite?
the desire to eat food, felt as hunger
26
what is hunger?
the sensations that initiate food seeking behavior
27
what is satiation?
the sensations that cause the cessation of eating
28
what is satiety?
the sensations that prolong satiation
29
what peripheral body systems are associated with hunger?
adipose tissue, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and other organs
30
what central nervous systems are associated with hunger?
hypothalamus, nerve signals, neurotransmitters
31
what metabolic influences are associated with hunger?
blood nutrient levels, energy needs, fat storage level, hormone & hormonelike compound secretions
32
what disease states are associated with hunger?
obesity, anorexia nervosa, cancer, mental illness
33
what disease influences are associated with appetite?
tumor products
34
what learned preferences and aversions are associated with appetite?
fat, alcohol, flavors, odors, and textures
35
what social influences are associated with appetite?
religion and culture
36
what specific appetites are associated with appetite?
sweet and salt
37
what emotional influences are associated with appetite?
stress and mood
38
what environmental factors are associated with appetite
food availability, advertising, temperature, and humidity
39
what medication influences are associated with appetite?
certain tranquilizers, certain antidepressants, corticosteroids, amphetamines
40
what is the purpose of appetite?
set-point theory; to match energy intake to energy expenditure; to encourage the consumption of food when possible within physiological limitations
41
what is the set-point theory
to maintain a predetermined body-weight from the purpose of appetite
42
how is the hypothalamus apart of hunger and satiety?
has several peptides that respond to a series of signals that then regulate food intake
43
what peripheral signals effect the peptides in the hypothalamus to regulate food intake?
energy stores (+/-); sight/smell of food (+); glucose?; chewing; gastric distention (-); cholecystokinin (-); grehlin (+); leptin (-); PYY3-36(-); glucagon-like peptide-1 (-)
44
where is cholecystokinin (CKK) released?
in the duodenum
45
why is CKK released?
in response to food intake - particularly fat and protein
46
what happened when CKK was exogenous administrated to rats/humans?
reduced food intake
47
when is leptin secreted?
in relation to adiposity
48
what happens if adipose is increased?
leptin is increased which leads to satiety
49
what happens if adipose is decreased?
leptin is decreased which leads to hunger
50
what happens to leptin during the conservation of energy during inadequate food supply
leptin decreases which causes a decrease in thyroid which decreases BMR and decreases spontaneous activity
51
what is ghrelin secreted by?
endocrine cells in the gut
52
what is the only peripheral stimulant of food intake currently known?
ghrelin
53
what happened when ghrelin was administered to humans/rats?
increased food intake
54
does ghrelin concentrations increase or decrease leading up to a meal?
increase
55
how many kcals is one pound of body fat?
3500 kcal
56
how many kcal/lb do you need to maintain body weight?
15 kcal/lb
57
what are the keys to weight loss?
decreased energy intake and increased physical activity
58
what are approaches for weight loss?
metabolic advantage; increased physical activity; reduced food intake (low fat diets, high protein diets, glycemic index, energy density), and surgery
59
what is metabolic advantage?
diet composition determines efficiency of calorie utilization and availability
60
what type of diet would lead to greater weight loss?
a diet that is isocaloric but more 'inefficient'
61
what are examples of metabolic advantage?
dietary fiber, accessibility of calories, and compensation
62
a sound weight loss diet should do what?
meet nutritional needs; high satiety value; provide a slow rate of weight loss (1-2 lb/wk); adaptable (personal habits and tastes; socially); minimize hunger and fatigue; no magical foods; promote better eating habits to prevent regain; different than usual diet but tolerable (long-term); improve overall health (exercise + diet + behavior modification); cost; see a physician
63
what are the appropriate models for weight loss?
behavior modification; self-help; for more sever obesity (VLCD, Surgery (gastroplasty, jejunoileal bypass, liposuction))
64
what are characteristics of a fad diet?
promote quick weight loss; limit food choices and dictate specific rituals; billed as cure-all... work for everyone; often recommend expensive supplements; no attempt to modify eating habits; critical or skeptical of scientific community ("they")
65
what is underweight?
less than or equal to 15% below desired body weight
66
what is the underweight BMI?
<18.5
67
what causes underweight?
eating disorders, cancer (cachexia), infectious disease, digestive tract disorders, excessive physical activity, etc.
68
what are the different types of eating disorders?
anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)
69
what is anorexia nervosa?
the refusal to maintain normal body weight or failure to gain during grown
70
what does AN have a fear of?
gaining weight
71
what is bulimia nervosa?
recurrent episodes of binge eating and recurrent and inappropriate behaviors to avoid weight gain
72
how often does a person with BN binge/purge?
at least 2x/wk for 3 months
73
what is a person with BN self-evaluation influenced by?
body weight and shape
74
what is binge eating disorder?
recurrent episodes of binge eating and distress regarding binge eating
75
how often does binges occur for a person with binge eating disorder?
2x/wk for 6 months
76
what is binge associated with in binge eating disorder?
at least 3 of the following: eating rapidly, uncomfortably full, eating large amounts when not hungry, eating alone due to embarrassment about amount eaten, feeling disgusted/depressed over amount eaten
77
What is EDNOS?
all AN criteria but has regular menses; all AN criteria but weight is in normal range; all BN criteria except frequency less; regular compensatory behavior after eating small amount; repeated chewing and spitting out of food
78
what does treatments for eating disorders consider?
both nutritional and psychological problems
79
what is the treatment for AN?
oral food intake then psychological causes
80
what is the treatment for BN?
reduce food intake and purges then psychological causes
81
what is the female athlete triad?
disordered eating, irregular menstruation, low bone density
82
what are ways to prevent eating disorders?
discourage restrictive dieting; awareness and acceptance of body appearance; appropriate expression of emotion; education concerning good nutrition

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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