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NUTR 315 > Electrolytes and Water Balance > Flashcards

Electrolytes and Water Balance Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: all reactions in our bodies take place in water

A

true

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2
Q

What does water balance require?

A

adequate H2O intake

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3
Q

What is the storage form of glucose?

A

glycogen

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4
Q

What is the major location of glucose?

A

liver

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5
Q

What is the storage form of fatty acids?

A

trigylcerides

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6
Q

What is the major location of fatty acids?

A

adipose tissue

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7
Q

What is the storage form of amino acids

A

proteins

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8
Q

What is the major location of amino acids?

A

skeletal muscle

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9
Q

T/F: there is no storage form/major reserve of water in the body

A

true

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10
Q

During IV treatment, what must practitioners consider to prevent life-threatening side effects?

A

solute concentrations in the blood (intravascular) and within cells (intracellular)

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11
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

fluid found inside every type of cell (e.g., blood, bone, muscle, adipose)

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12
Q

What are the two different types of extracellular fluid?

A

intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

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13
Q

What is intravascular fluid?

A

fluid in blood and lymph

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14
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

fluid between cells; gastrointestinal fluid; fluid in eyes (tears); synovial fluid (in joints)

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15
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

temperature regulation, solvent for biochemicals, lubrication, and hydrolysis reactions

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16
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in which it flows from low to high solute concentration

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17
Q

What are the ways for intake of water?

A

fluids (~2000 ml/d), foods (500-800 ml/d), and metabolism (300-400 ml/d)

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18
Q

What are the ways for loss of water?

A

kidneys (depends on water intake), feces (~200 ml/d), lungs (300 ml/d), and skin (400-500 ml/d)

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19
Q

What is the AI for water?

A

2.7 L/d or 3.7 L/d

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20
Q

What does the osmotic pressure change as a result of?

A

water loss or gain

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21
Q

What happens during dehydration?

A

decreased extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid and increase osmotic pressure

22
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin system?

A

decreased blood pressure, renin is released along with angiotensinogen, angiotensin I results from renin action of angiotensinogen w, angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I, which can cause aldosterone to be released which will increase Na retention by the kidney and will increase water retention which overall increases blood pressure. or blood vessel constriction by angiotensin II which will increase blood pressure

23
Q

What are causes of dehydration?

A

hemorrhage, diarrhea/vomiting, diabetes insipidus, excessive perspiration, diuretics

24
Q

What are the anions?

A

Cl, HCO3, PO4, SO4

25
Q

What are the cations?

A

Na, K, Ca, Mg

26
Q

What are the major cations found in intracellular fluid?

A

potassium and magnesium

27
Q

What are the major anions founds in intracellular fluid?

A

phosphate and sulfate

28
Q

What are the major cations found in extracellular fluid?

A

sodium and calcium

29
Q

What are the major anions found in extracellular fluid?

A

chloride and bicarbonate

30
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A

water balance, acid/base balance, conduction of nerve impulse, glucose and other nutrient absorption

31
Q

How much sodium is absorbed?

A

100% and 90-98% is conserved by the kidney

32
Q

What regulates sodium balance?

A

aldosterone

33
Q

What is the AI for sodium?

A

1.5 g/d

34
Q

What is the UL for sodium?

A

2.3 g/d

35
Q

What are sources of sodium?

A

cheese, milk, shellfish

36
Q

What happens if there is more sodium intake then there is the amount of sodium excreted by the kidneys?

A

hypernatremia, increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure

37
Q

What are the functions of potassium?

A

fluid balance, muscle contraction, and nerve impulse conduction

38
Q

What is the AI for potassium?

A

4.7 g/d

39
Q

What are sources of potassium?

A

meats, fruits (banana, dates)

40
Q

What is hypokalemia?

A

potassium deficiency

41
Q

What can cause potassium deficiency?

A

diuretics, due to them wasting potassium

42
Q

What are symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

muscle weakness, heart irregularities

43
Q

What is step one in the sodium-potassium pump?

A

ATP and 3 Na ions bind to sites on the cytoplasmic surface of the Na-K pump

44
Q

What is step two in the sodium-potassium pump?

A

ATP breaks down into ADP and P, resulting in a release of energy that causes the Na-K pump to change conformation and release the Na to the extracellular fluid

45
Q

What is step three in the sodium-potassium pump?

A

as the 3 Na diffuse away from the Na-K pump into the extracellular fluid, 2 K from the extracellular fluid bind to sites on the extracellular surface of the Na-K pump. At the same time, the phosphate produced earlier by ATP hydrolysis is released into the cytoplasm

46
Q

What is step four in the sodium-potassium pump?

A

this transport protein reverts back to its original shape, resulting in the release of the K into the cytoplasm. After the K diffuse away from the Na-K pump, it is ready to begin the process again

47
Q

What are the functions of chloride?

A

acid/base balance and HCl in stomach

48
Q

What is the AI of chloride?

A

2.3 g/d

49
Q

What may cause a need for alternate sources of chloride?

A

salt restriction

50
Q

What is the UL for chloride?

A

3.6 g/d

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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