Electrolytes and Water Balance

Question 1

T/F: all reactions in our bodies take place in water

Answer 1

true

Question 2

What does water balance require?

Answer 2

adequate H2O intake

Question 3

What is the storage form of glucose?

Answer 3

glycogen

Question 4

What is the major location of glucose?

Answer 4

liver

Question 5

What is the storage form of fatty acids?

Answer 5

trigylcerides

Question 6

What is the major location of fatty acids?

Answer 6

adipose tissue

Question 7

What is the storage form of amino acids

Answer 7

proteins

Question 8

What is the major location of amino acids?

Answer 8

skeletal muscle

Question 9

T/F: there is no storage form/major reserve of water in the body

Answer 9

true

Question 10

During IV treatment, what must practitioners consider to prevent life-threatening side effects?

Answer 10

solute concentrations in the blood (intravascular) and within cells (intracellular)

Question 11

What is intracellular fluid?

Answer 11

fluid found inside every type of cell (e.g., blood, bone, muscle, adipose)

Question 12

What are the two different types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 12

intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

Question 13

What is intravascular fluid?

Answer 13

fluid in blood and lymph

Question 14

What is interstitial fluid?

Answer 14

fluid between cells; gastrointestinal fluid; fluid in eyes (tears); synovial fluid (in joints)

Question 15

What are the functions of water?

Answer 15

temperature regulation, solvent for biochemicals, lubrication, and hydrolysis reactions

Question 16

What is osmosis?

Answer 16

movement of water across a semipermeable membrane in which it flows from low to high solute concentration

Question 17

What are the ways for intake of water?

Answer 17

fluids (~2000 ml/d), foods (500-800 ml/d), and metabolism (300-400 ml/d)

Question 18

What are the ways for loss of water?

Answer 18

kidneys (depends on water intake), feces (~200 ml/d), lungs (300 ml/d), and skin (400-500 ml/d)

Question 19

What is the AI for water?

Answer 19

2.7 L/d or 3.7 L/d

Question 20

What does the osmotic pressure change as a result of?

Answer 20

water loss or gain

Question 21

What happens during dehydration?

Answer 21

decreased extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid and increase osmotic pressure

Question 22

What is the renin-angiotensin system?

Answer 22

decreased blood pressure, renin is released along with angiotensinogen, angiotensin I results from renin action of angiotensinogen w, angiotensin II formed from angiotensin I, which can cause aldosterone to be released which will increase Na retention by the kidney and will increase water retention which overall increases blood pressure. or blood vessel constriction by angiotensin II which will increase blood pressure

Question 23

What are causes of dehydration?

Answer 23

hemorrhage, diarrhea/vomiting, diabetes insipidus, excessive perspiration, diuretics

Question 24

What are the anions?

Answer 24

Cl, HCO3, PO4, SO4

Question 25

What are the cations?

Answer 25

Na, K, Ca, Mg

Question 26

What are the major cations found in intracellular fluid?

Answer 26

potassium and magnesium

Question 27

What are the major anions founds in intracellular fluid?

Answer 27

phosphate and sulfate

Question 28

What are the major cations found in extracellular fluid?

Answer 28

sodium and calcium

Question 29

What are the major anions found in extracellular fluid?

Answer 29

chloride and bicarbonate

Question 30

What are the functions of sodium?

Answer 30

water balance, acid/base balance, conduction of nerve impulse, glucose and other nutrient absorption

Question 31

How much sodium is absorbed?

Answer 31

100% and 90-98% is conserved by the kidney

Question 32

What regulates sodium balance?

Answer 32

aldosterone

Question 33

What is the AI for sodium?

Answer 33

1.5 g/d

Question 34

What is the UL for sodium?

Answer 34

2.3 g/d

Question 35

What are sources of sodium?

Answer 35

cheese, milk, shellfish

Question 36

What happens if there is more sodium intake then there is the amount of sodium excreted by the kidneys?

Answer 36

hypernatremia, increased blood volume, and increased blood pressure

Question 37

What are the functions of potassium?

Answer 37

fluid balance, muscle contraction, and nerve impulse conduction

Question 38

What is the AI for potassium?

Answer 38

4.7 g/d

Question 39

What are sources of potassium?

Answer 39

meats, fruits (banana, dates)

Question 40

What is hypokalemia?

Answer 40

potassium deficiency

Question 41

What can cause potassium deficiency?

Answer 41

diuretics, due to them wasting potassium

Question 42

What are symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 42

muscle weakness, heart irregularities

Question 43

What is step one in the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 43

ATP and 3 Na ions bind to sites on the cytoplasmic surface of the Na-K pump

Question 44

What is step two in the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 44

ATP breaks down into ADP and P, resulting in a release of energy that causes the Na-K pump to change conformation and release the Na to the extracellular fluid

Question 45

What is step three in the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 45

as the 3 Na diffuse away from the Na-K pump into the extracellular fluid, 2 K from the extracellular fluid bind to sites on the extracellular surface of the Na-K pump. At the same time, the phosphate produced earlier by ATP hydrolysis is released into the cytoplasm

Question 46

What is step four in the sodium-potassium pump?

Answer 46

this transport protein reverts back to its original shape, resulting in the release of the K into the cytoplasm. After the K diffuse away from the Na-K pump, it is ready to begin the process again

Question 47

What are the functions of chloride?

Answer 47

acid/base balance and HCl in stomach

Question 48

What is the AI of chloride?

Answer 48

2.3 g/d

Question 49

What may cause a need for alternate sources of chloride?

Answer 49

salt restriction

Question 50

What is the UL for chloride?

Answer 50

3.6 g/d