Lifecycle nutrition: infancy, adolescence, aging

Question 1

What type of food is not needed during the first 4-6 months?

Answer 1

solid foods

Question 2

What is another name for the tongue reflex?

Answer 2

extrusion reflex

Question 3

What is the extrusion reflex?

Answer 3

normal response in first few months of life that causes the tongue to thrust outward when touched or depressed

Question 4

Why are growth charts used?

Answer 4

to track the growth during infancy and adolescence

Question 5

What do growth charts depict?

Answer 5

the gains in weight and stature (height) that are expected with age

Question 6

What does failure to thrive mean?

Answer 6

insufficient weight gain

Question 7

What are the physical problems that can cause failure to thrive?

Answer 7

oral cavity development, infections, intestinal problems, inborn errors in digestive enzymes

Question 8

What are the nutritional problems that can cause failure to thrive?

Answer 8

formula-fed (sufficient consumption?), breastfed (sufficient consumption?), and if older children the question is what is provided

Question 9

What the third problem that can cause failure to thrive?

Answer 9

emotional problems

Question 10

When is physical growth rate at its peak?

Answer 10

during infancy, which causes nutrient needs, per unit of body weight, to be at their highest level over the course of the lifetime

Question 11

What is a normal growth rate in the first year?

Answer 11

rapid and smooth increase in weight and height

Question 12

What is a normal growth rate in childhood after the first year?

Answer 12

physical growth rate much slower and occurs in bursts

Question 13

What is a normal growth rate in adolescence?

Answer 13

one of the most rapid phases of physical growth; 1/3 or more of all growth in a lifetime occurs during adolescence

Question 14

What is adolescence?

Answer 14

the transition from childhood to adulthood

Question 15

What can effect nutrition in adolescence?

Answer 15

social pressure and teen pregnancy

Question 16

how does social pressure effect nutrition?

Answer 16

selection of foods may hinder ability to get needed nutrients

Question 17

What is teen pregnancy?

Answer 17

pregnancy within 2 years of menarche (first menstrual cycle)

Question 18

Why is the demand for energy high in childhood?

Answer 18

due to rapid growth and high metabolic rate

Question 19

What is the primary carbohydrate in the diets of most infants?

Answer 19

lactose

Question 20

Should children have more complex carbohydrates or simple carbohydrates?

Answer 20

complex carb intake in childhood should be increased to equal about half of total calorie intake and simple carbohydrates should be limited

Question 21

How much protein does infants need?

Answer 21

nearly twice as much as in adults per pound of body weight

Question 22

how much protein is needed in childhood and early adolescence?

Answer 22

needs 20-40% higher than in adults

Question 23

why is excess protein not good?

Answer 23

may exceed kidney’s capacity to excrete nitrogen

Question 24

how much fat do infants need?

Answer 24

40-55% kcal

Question 25

how much fat does children 5+ need?

Answer 25

30-35% kcal

Question 26

why is fat important?

Answer 26

as concentrated source of energy and for brain/nervous system development

Question 27

T/F: infants are born with little or no vit. K stores

Answer 27

true

Question 28

Why doesnt the infant intestine produce vitamin K?

Answer 28

infants have sterile intestines; it takes several weeks for vit. K producing bacteria to grow after first feeding

Question 29

What is the infant at risk for since they dont have a lot of vit. K?

Answer 29

for slowed blood clotting and unchecked bleeding

Question 30

Who should receive iron supplements?

Answer 30

breastfed infants

Question 31

when do calcium needs rise sharply?

Answer 31

starting age 9 and remain high until the end of adolescence

Question 32

Why do babies have high demands for water?

Answer 32

their body surface area per pound of weight is 3 times greater than adults, thus they loose much more water through the skin; they turn over body water 7x's faster than adults; high metabolic rate results in more wastes that need to be excreted by the kidneys and lungs; kidneys of infants not matured yet and need more water to remove waste products; too much water may lead to water intoxication

Question 33

what are the different definitions of aging?

Answer 33

65 years of age? (social security); food and nutrition board (FNB) 70+; WHO 60 yo

Question 34

what is old age in many developing countries seen as?

Answer 34

to begin at the point when active contribution is no longer possible

Question 35

What are features of aging?

Answer 35

an exponential increase in mortality with aging; physiological changes that typically lead to a functional decline with age; increased susceptibility to certain diseases with age

Question 36

What are the advances responsible for increasing life expectancy in the 20th century?

Answer 36

more nutritious diets; antibiotics; vaccines; sewer systems; women giving birth in hospitals

Question 37

What typically declines with age?

Answer 37

physiological functions

Question 38

What are theories on aging?

Answer 38

errors in copying DNA; free radical damage; programmed cell death; immune system failure/autoimmunity; glycosylation of proteins/cross-linking; excess energy intake; loss of neuroendocrine coordination

Question 39

What happens once errors in DNA accumulate?

Answer 39

a cell can no longer synthesize important proteins needed to funciton and die

Question 40

Accumulation of damage to cell membranes and DNA due to free radicals action may lead to what?

Answer 40

cell death or progression to a disease (e.g., to cancer)

Question 41

how many times can human cells divide?

Answer 41

~50 times and then dies

Question 42

What is autoimmunity?

Answer 42

develops with aging and is when our immune cells begin to attack body tissues

Question 43

What is glycosylation?

Answer 43

blood glucose when elevated attaches to blood and body proteins which decreases protein function

Question 44

What does cross-linking decrease?

Answer 44

flexibility of connective tissue (stiffness)

Question 45

What is the key to successful aging?

Answer 45

making good lifestyle choices

Question 46

What are good lifestyle choices?

Answer 46

eating nutritious diets, exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, avoidance of excessive exposure to sunlight, cigarette smoke, etc.

Question 47

What is the definition of chronological age?

Answer 47

number of living years

Question 48

What is the definition of physiological age?

Answer 48

physical health status relative to health status of similarly aged adults

Question 49

what is chronological age not useful in predicting?

Answer 49

physical health status or nutritional risk

Question 50

What are physical factors of under-nutrition?

Answer 50

declining absorptive and metabolic capacities; poor appetite; poor dental health; difficulty in swallowing; physical disability; side effects of drugs; restrictive diets; alcoholism; chronic disease

Question 51

What are socioeconomic factors for under-nutrition?

Answer 51

low income; inadequate cooking or storage facilities; limited nutrition knowledge; lack of transport; shopping difficulties; cooking practices that result in nutrient losses; inadequate cooking skills

Question 52

What are social and psychological factors for under-nutrition?

Answer 52

depression, loneliness, soical isolation, bereavement, loss of interest in food or cooking, memory loss , food faddism

Question 53

what is food faddism?

Answer 53

lose weight in a quick manner

Question 54

what is the domino effect?

Answer 54

one event sets off a chain of similar events leading to the cumulative end effect