Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUTR 315 > Lipids (1/29) > Flashcards

Lipids (1/29) Flashcards

1
Q

What are lipids?

A

a diverse group of materials related by their solubility in organic solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the different types of lipids?

A

fatty acids, glycerolipids (triglycerides and phospholipids), and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of fatty acids?

A

monocarboxylic acids with 4 or more carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the general formula for fatty acids?

A

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are fatty acids classified?

A

by the chain length and saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the length of a short chain fatty acid?

A

4-6 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the length of a medium chain fatty acid?

A

8-12 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the length of a long chain fatty acid?

A

14-26 carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

has no double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does monounsaturated mean?

A

one double bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does polyunsaturated mean?

A

two or more double bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does 18:3 w3 mean?

A

number of carbons:number of double bonds and the location of 1st double bond based on distance from the methyl molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What kind of backbone do glycerolipids have?

A

glycerol backbone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are triglycerides?

A

have a glycerol backbone with three fatty acids esterified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

A

high melting point, solid at room temperature, “fat”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

low melting point, liquid at room temperature, “oil”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hydrogenation?

A

chemical saturation of double bonds to make liquid solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is generated in the process of hydrogenation?

A

some trans fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: trans fatty acids can also occur naturally in our diets

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Are palm oil and palm kernel oil the same?

A

NO! palm oil is 50% saturated and palm kernel oil is 82% saturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do w3 fatty acids come from?

A

oils (flaxseed, soybean, canola) and seafood from the microalgae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the components of phospholipids?

A

glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group, N-containing group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do phospholipids act as?

A

emulsifiers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do phospholipids help form?

A

membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the chemical formula for steroids?
C27H45OH
26
What is an essential component of all cells?
cholesterol
27
What is cholesterol synthesized by?
all cells
28
What are examples of cholesterol?
bile acids/salts and hormones
29
What is cholesterol present in?
the diet esterified with fatty acid
30
What are waxes?
ester of high molecular weight alcohol and high molecular weight fatty acid
31
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
32
What are the functions of lipids in our diet?
source of essential fatty acids, carrier of fat soluble vitamins, concentrated source of energy (9 kcal/g), flavor, and satiety
33
What are the functions of lipids in our bodies?
energy storage, membrane structure, support &insulate, hormones/prostaglandins, and bile acids
34
What are the two types of essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid (18:2 n-6) and alpha-linolenic (18:3 n-3)
35
What is the AI of linoleic acid?
17/12 g/d
36
What is the AI of alpha-linolenic?
1.6/1.1 g/d
37
What is the problem with lipid digestion/absorption?
lipids are FAT soluble, everything thats about to happen is happening in WATER, need ways of dealing with this issue
38
What is the solution with lipid digestion/absorption?
emulsification (phospholipids, bile salts), fatty acid carriers (acylation), lipoproteins
39
What happens in the small intestine during digestion of lipids?
partially digested lipid in duodenum which causes cholecystokinin to be released which then causes the contracting of the gall bladder and secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice. acid then causes secretin to be released which produces bicarbonate
40
What does hydrophilic mean?
loves water
41
What does hydrophobic mean?
afraid of water
42
in the small intestine what does pancreatic lipase need to be activated by?
colipase
43
what helps the formation of colipase from procolipase?
trypsin
44
What does colipase and pancreatic lipase create?
active lipase
45
What is formed when triglycerides are digested?
2 fatty acids + monoglyceride
46
what ferries the products of triglyceride digestion to the intestinal mucosa?
micelles
47
What are the different products of digestion?
fatty acids, monoglycerides, glycerol, and cholesterol
48
What are the two steps in absorption?
from intestinal lumen into intestinal mucosal cell and from intestinal mucosal cell to lymph or portal blood
49
What do micelles allow?
fat-soluble products of digestion to approach mucosal cell membrane across unstirred water layer
50
Where are bile salts reabsorbed?
in the ileum and resecreted in bile into the enterohepatic circulation
51
Where do short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse?
into portal blood and go to the liver
52
What are used to synthesize triglycerides?
long chain fatty acids and monoglycerides
53
what forms chylomicron?
triglycerides packaged with phospholipids, cholesterol, and apoprotein
54
Where are chylomicrons secreted?
into lymphatic system and enter general circulation
55
What is free cholesterol esterified by?
ACAT (acylCoA-cholesterol acyl transferase) in mucosal cell
56
What is the important regulatory step in cholesterol balance?
ACAT
57
What is esterified cholesterol added to?
chylomicron
58
What is cholesterol transported out of mucosal cells by?
ABC (ATP binding cassette) to maintain balance
59
What happens when energy intake exceeds expenditure for lipid metabolism?
lipogenesis, triglycerides exported from liver as VLDL, and VLDL is metabolized by LPL like chylomicron
60
What is lipogenesis?
fatty acid synthesis that starts from acetyl CoA and fatty acids are esterified to glycerol
61
What is the primary product of lipogenesis in humans?
palmitic acid
62
What happens when energy expenditure exceeds intake in lipid metabolism?
lipolysis, fatty acids activated to acyl CoA and 2-carbon units removed as acetyl CoA, and acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle
63
What is lipolysis?
beta-oxidation of fatty acids to acetyl CoA
64
What is ketosis?
when fatty acid oxidation exceeds availability of CHO intermediates and acetyl CoA accumulates
65
What is synthesized during ketosis?
ketones (acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate)
66
What does the accumulation of ketones lead to?
ketonemia, ketonuria, acetone breath
67
What conditions lead to ketosis?
starvation and diabetes mellitus
68
rank the lipoproteins from least to most dense
chylomicrons < VLDL < LDL < HDL
69
How many carbons does eicosanoids have?
20 carbons
70
What are examples of eicosanoids?
prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
71
What are antagonistic actions of eicosanoids?
vasoconstriction/vasodilation, platelet aggregation, reproduction, and immune function
72
What are eicosanoids derived from?
metabolites of essential fatty acids
73
What are the three classes of eicosanoids based on starting fatty acid?
arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic
74
T/F: there is no RDA for adults for total fat intake
true
75
What is the AI for fat intake for infants?
30-31 g/d
76
What are the dietary guidelines for fat intake?
saturated fat < 10% kcal, minimizes trans fatty acids, and reduce intake of solid fats

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions