Physiology and Metabolism Review (1/10) Flashcards
What are the different levels in the organization of life?
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the chemical level?
atoms combine to form molecules, such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, DNA, or RNA
What is the cell level?
molecules from organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells
What is the tissue level?
similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
What is the organ level?
different tissues combine to form organs, such as the stomach and small intestine
What is the organ system level?
organs such as the stomach and intestine make up an organ system, in this case the GI system
What is the organism level?
organ systems make up an organism
What makes up the digestive tract?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and the accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)
What are the digestive function of the mouth and salivary glands?
chewing begins, moisten food with saliva, lubrication with mucus, release of starch-digesting (amylase) enzyme, and initiation of swallowing reflex
What are the digestive functions of the esophagus?
lubrication with mucus and move food to stomach by peristaltic waves
What are the digestive functions of the stomach?
store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food, dissolve food particles with secretions, kill microorganisms with acid, release of protein-digesting (pepsin) enzyme, lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus, and regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine
What is the digestive function of the liver?
production of bile to aid in fat digestion and absorption
What is the digestive function of the gallbladder?
storage, concentration, and later release of bile into the small intestine
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
secretion of sodium bicarbonate and carbohydrate-, fat-, and protein-digesting enzymes
What is the digestive function of the small intestine?
mixing and propulsion of contents, lubrication with mucus, digestion and absorption of most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestine
What are the digestive functions of the large intestine?
mixing and propulsion of contents, absorption of sodium, potassium, and water, storage and concentration of undigested food, lubrication with mucus, and formation of feces
What are the digestive functions of the rectum?
store feces and expel via the anus, which is the opening to the outside of the body
What are features of the small intestine?
has folds, which have villi and each villi have microvilli
What are the 4 mechanisms of absorption?
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis
What is passive diffusion?
the movement across the membrane due to concentration differences
Does passive diffusion require energy?
NO
What is facilitated diffusion?
a protein helps move across the membrane
Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
NO
What is active transport?
requires ENERGY and uses a protein to move across the membrane
