Physiology and Metabolism Review (1/10) Flashcards
What are the different levels in the organization of life?
chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
What is the chemical level?
atoms combine to form molecules, such as protein, carbohydrate, lipid, DNA, or RNA
What is the cell level?
molecules from organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells
What is the tissue level?
similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues
What is the organ level?
different tissues combine to form organs, such as the stomach and small intestine
What is the organ system level?
organs such as the stomach and intestine make up an organ system, in this case the GI system
What is the organism level?
organ systems make up an organism
What makes up the digestive tract?
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), and the accessory organs (liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)
What are the digestive function of the mouth and salivary glands?
chewing begins, moisten food with saliva, lubrication with mucus, release of starch-digesting (amylase) enzyme, and initiation of swallowing reflex
What are the digestive functions of the esophagus?
lubrication with mucus and move food to stomach by peristaltic waves
What are the digestive functions of the stomach?
store, mix, dissolve, and continue digestion of food, dissolve food particles with secretions, kill microorganisms with acid, release of protein-digesting (pepsin) enzyme, lubricate and protect stomach surface with mucus, and regulate emptying of dissolved food into small intestine
What is the digestive function of the liver?
production of bile to aid in fat digestion and absorption
What is the digestive function of the gallbladder?
storage, concentration, and later release of bile into the small intestine
What is the digestive function of the pancreas?
secretion of sodium bicarbonate and carbohydrate-, fat-, and protein-digesting enzymes
What is the digestive function of the small intestine?
mixing and propulsion of contents, lubrication with mucus, digestion and absorption of most substances using enzymes made by the pancreas and small intestine
What are the digestive functions of the large intestine?
mixing and propulsion of contents, absorption of sodium, potassium, and water, storage and concentration of undigested food, lubrication with mucus, and formation of feces
What are the digestive functions of the rectum?
store feces and expel via the anus, which is the opening to the outside of the body
What are features of the small intestine?
has folds, which have villi and each villi have microvilli
What are the 4 mechanisms of absorption?
passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, endocytosis
What is passive diffusion?
the movement across the membrane due to concentration differences
Does passive diffusion require energy?
NO
What is facilitated diffusion?
a protein helps move across the membrane
Does facilitated diffusion require energy?
NO
What is active transport?
requires ENERGY and uses a protein to move across the membrane
What are the different types of endocytosis?
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
What type of molecules go through pinocytosis?
smaller, water-soluble molecules
What type of molecules go through phagocytosis?
larger molecules that cant be broken down
Where is the portal vein located?
between two capillary beds
What does the portal vein do?
nutrients from the diet enter into here so that they will then take the nutrients to the liver
What nutrients enter the lymphatic system?
fats which are then sent to general circulation to adipose tissue which then leads some to go to the liver
how are nutrients excreted from the gastrointestinal tract?
through the feces
how are nutrients excreted from the kidney?
urine
how are nutrients excreted from the skin?
perspiration
How are nutrients excreted from the lungs?
CO2 and water
What is the main unit of energy in our bodies?
ATP
How is energy used in our bodies?
build compounds, move muscles, nerve conduction, and pump ions
What nutrients go through oxidation to form ATP?
carbohydrates, fat, proteins, and (alcohol)
Is ATP tri-phosphate or di-phosphate?
tri-phosphate
What happens during catabolism?
things are broken down
What happens during anabolism?
taking small units and building proteins
What is produced after carbohydrates, proteins, and fats go through catabolism?
CO2, H2O, and NH3
What is produced when amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol go through anabolism?
proteins, glycogen, triglycerides, and other lipids
What is the process of intermediary metabolism?
breakdown of complex molecules to their component building blocks, conversion of building blocks to acetyl-CoA, metabolism of acetyl-CoA to CO2 and formation of ATP
What intermediates are anaerobic?
glucose and pyruvic acid
What intermediates are aerobic?
acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
What is anaerobic?
without oxygen
what is aerobic?
with oxygen
Which process gives a lot more energy, anaerobic or aerobic?
aerobic
What is glycolysis?
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
What process is anaerobic?
glycolysis
What process is aerobic?
citric acid cycle
