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NUTR 315 > Scientific Method (1/12) > Flashcards

Scientific Method (1/12) Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment

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2
Q

T/F: science is knowledge that is repeatable, predictable and testable

A

true

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3
Q

What are examples of scientific contributions to nutrition science?

A

chemistry, biology, and public health

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4
Q

What is translational science?

A

a discipline within biomedical and public health research that aims to improve the health of individuals and the community by “translating: findings into diagnostic tools, medicines, procedures, policies, and education

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5
Q

What are the levels of translational science?

A

T0, T1, T2, T3, T4

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6
Q

What is T0?

A

basic research

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7
Q

What is T1?

A

translation to human

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8
Q

What is T2?

A

translation to patients

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9
Q

What is T3?

A

translation to practice

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10
Q

What is T4?

A

translation community

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11
Q

What makes up the translation from basic science to human studies?

A

T0, T1, T2

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12
Q

What makes up the translation of new data into the clinic and health decision making?

A

T3, T4

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13
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A
  1. observations made and questions asked. 2. hypothesis generated. 3. research experiments conducted. 4. findings evaluated by other scientists and published. 5. follow-up experiments conducted to confirm or extend the findings. 6. accept or reject hypothesis
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14
Q

What do descriptive observational studies focus on?

A

defining scope of problem

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15
Q

What is an example of descriptive observational studies?

A

ecological

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16
Q

What do analytical observational studies focus on?

A

relationships, comparison

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17
Q

What are examples of analytic observational studies?

A

cross-sectional studies, case-control studies, cohort studies (prospective and retrospective)

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18
Q

What do experimental studies focus on?

A

cause/effect

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19
Q

What is an example of experimental studies?

A

intervention trials

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20
Q

What is an example of intervention trials?

A

clinical trial (randomized controlled trial (RCT))

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21
Q

What are some design styles of intervention trials?

A

independent measures, repeated measure, and matched pairs

22
Q

What are independent measures?

A

two groups, randomly assigned, two treatments

23
Q

What are repeated measure?

A

one group, each person gets both treatments, random order, each person can serve as his/her own control

24
Q

What are matched pairs?

A

pairs with similar age, sex, etc., one assigned to each group randomly

25
Who may experimental study designs be used among?
animals (animal studies), humans (human studies), and populations (epidemiology)
26
What is ecological designs?
association between a risk factor and a disease outcome at the population level or group level rather than individual level data
27
What does analytical studies determine?
extent of link between exposure and outcome
28
What are examples of cross-sectional study designs?
national/regional/local surveys
29
What does cross-sectional study designs create?
a "snapshot" of an existing disease and factors that may be associated, measures at one point in time
30
What are case-control study designs?
sampling with regard to disease or outcome
31
What is the difference between cases and controls?
the cases have the disease, the controls do not
32
Should cases be selected dependently or independently of exposure?
independently
33
What are the controls?
a direct random sample of the "source population" from which the cases originated
34
Should controls be sampled dependently or independently of exposure?
independently
35
What is the prospective study design?
sampling with regard to exposure, characteristic, or suspected cause, followed forward in time to see who gets disease
36
What is the retrospective study design?
evaluate association between exposure and disease in sample where both have already occurred, quantify reported events of the past
37
What is the randomized controlled trial study design?
randomized individual or group assigned to treatment or non-treatment group
38
What are examples of randomized controlled trial study design?
CATCH (child and adolescent trial for cardiovascular health) and community/school/group trials (community, school, or group assignment)
39
What is a control group?
as similar to the experimental group as possible
40
What is sample size?
the size adequate to allow conclusions to be made in spite of inherent variability
41
What are blinded experiments?
subjects or subjects and researchers do not know treatment groups
42
What are Hill's criteria for causal inference?
1. strength of association, 2. consistency, 3. specificity, 4. temporality, 5. biologic gradient, 6. plausibility, 7. coherence, 8. experimental evidence, and 9. analogy
43
What is the rationale for strength of association?
strong associations are more likely to be causal than weak associations
44
What is the rationale for consistency?
a causal association should be consistent across various study designs
45
What is the rationale for specificity?
the rationale is quite controversial int that this tenet presumes that one cause is responsible for one effect, but we see clear evidence of redundancy in many biological systems
46
What is the rationale for temporality?
the theoretical cause must precede the effect
47
What is the rationale for biologic gradient?
the ability to demonstrate a dose-response relationship. note this quality may not always be present
48
What is the rationale for plausibility?
is there a scientific justification for the relationship between cause and effect? clearly this is a constantly evolving issue, such as the current evolving science in nutritional genomics where the consequences or for example genetic polymorphisms is not be known
49
What is the rationale for coherence?
the central tenants of the causal association fit with other known characteristics of the cause and the effect
50
What is the rationale for experimental evidence?
the existence of randomized controlled trials
51
What is the rationale for analogy?
this element may be more the art of research than pure science. it refers to insight into the causal pathways and is considered a more controversial criterion because scientists are generally individuals of great creativity
52
What are the three major RCR issues?
fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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