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NUTR 315 > Trace & Ultra Trace Minerals > Flashcards

Trace & Ultra Trace Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of trace and ultratrace minerals?

A

catalytic center of enzymes; oxidation/reduction reactions; oxygen transport; structure

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2
Q

What are the main factors influencing absorption of iron?

A

metabolic need, nature of dietary iron, vitamin C, and meat factor

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3
Q

When iron status is adequate, how much of dietary iron is absorbed?

A

14-18%

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4
Q

When iron need is high, how much of dietary iron is absorbed?

A

35-40%

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5
Q

What are the two different types of dietary iron?

A

heme (hemoglobin, myoglobin) and nonheme (ferrous and ferric)

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6
Q

Where is heme iron found?

A

in animal meat

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7
Q

Where is nonheme iron found?

A

in plant based foods

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8
Q

Which is better absorbed, heme or nonheme iron?

A

heme iron

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9
Q

Which is better absorbed, ferrous or ferric?

A

ferrous

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10
Q

How does vitamin C affect iron absorption?

A

keeps the iron in the ferrous state which will increase absorption

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11
Q

How is iron absorbed?

A

through the brush border membrane into the small intestine by carrier-mediated mechanisms

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12
Q

What is the key iron-binding protein?

A

ferritin

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13
Q

What does the mucosal block do?

A

binds and stores mucosal iron preventing it from entering the bloodstream

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14
Q

What transports iron into the interstitial fluid for release into the bloodstream?

A

ferroportin

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15
Q

What copper containing enzyme oxidizes iron from ferrous to ferric form?

A

ceruloplasmin

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16
Q

Where is iron stored?

A

in the liver, bone marrow and spleen

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17
Q

T/F: there is a limited ability to excrete iron

A

true

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18
Q

What is hepcidin?

A

a protein that regulates iron balance

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19
Q

What are the functions of iron?

A

oxygen transport, apart of the mitochondria, and a cofactor for other enzymes

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20
Q

What is hemoglobin?

A

red blood cells

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21
Q

What does hemoglobin do?

A

carries oxygen in the blood from lungs to all tissues in the body and carbon dioxide back to the lungs for expiration

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22
Q

how many iron-containing heme compounds does hemoglobin have?

A

4

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23
Q

What does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates bond marrow to produce more red blood cells where O2 capacity declines

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24
Q

What does myoglobin do?

A

transports oxygen from red blood cells to skeleton and heart muscle cells

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25
Q

What happens if you have iron deficiency?

A

microcytic, hypochromic anemia

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26
Q

What happens during the first stage of microcytic, hypochromic anemia?

A

storage iron depletion (decrease serum ferritin indicates lower stores)

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27
Q

What happens during the second stage of microcytic, hypochromic anemia?

A

transport iron depletion (decrease serum iron and increased transferrin)

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28
Q

What happens during the third stage of microcytic, hypochromic anemia?

A

Hemoglobin production decreases (increased free erythrocyte protoporhyrin; decreased blood hemoglobin; and decreased hematocrit)

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29
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

percentage of total blood volume comprised of red blood cells

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30
Q

What is protoporphyrin?

A

immature RBC

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31
Q

What is the RDA for iron?

A

8 mg/day for men and 18 mg/day for women

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32
Q

What is the UL for iron?

A

45 mg/day

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33
Q

What are sources of iron?

A

liver, eggs, lean meat, legumes, fruits, nuts, enriched grains

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34
Q

What is the richest source of iron?

A

meats and seafood

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35
Q

What happens if you have iron overload?

A

hemochromatosis

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36
Q

What is hemochromatosis?

A

genetic condition that is a deficiency of hepcidin that prevents degradation of transport protein ferroportin causing an excess iron absorption

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37
Q

What is a possible treatment?

A

phlebotomy (donating blood often)

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38
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

an essential part of thyroid hormones

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39
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which is the active form

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40
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

regulate growth, development, metabolic rate, and reproductive function

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41
Q

how is iodine absorbed?

A

in ionic form and carried to the thyroid gland

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42
Q

Where is iodine stored?

A

stored on thyroglobulin

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43
Q

Where is the excess iodine excreted?

A

in urine

44
Q

how is thyroxine released?

A

hypothalamus releases the thyroxine releasing factor (TRF) which tells the pituitary to release the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) that forces the thyroid gland to release thryoxine

45
Q

What is the UL for iodine?

A

1100 mcg/day

46
Q

What are sources of iodine?

A

plant foods if grown on soil rich iodine; dairy products; iodized salt

47
Q

What happens if you have iodine deficiency?

A

goiter or cretinism

48
Q

What is goiter?

A

no thyroid hormones which causes the thyroid to swell with accumulated precursors

49
Q

What decreases iodine bioavailability?

A

goitrogens (substances found in raw veggies)

50
Q

What is cretinism?

A

iodine deficiency during preganancy

51
Q

What are effects of cretinism?

A

restriction of brain development and growth; severe mental retardation, loss of hearing, & speech abilities, short stature, muscle spasticity

52
Q

What happens if you have iodine toxicity?

A

hyperthyroidism (grave’s disease or exophthalmic goiter)

53
Q

What is graves disease?

A

an autoimmune disease where the thyroid gland is overactive which increases levels of thyroid hormones and increased BMR

54
Q

What are symptoms of graves disease?

A

nervousness, weight loss, and protrusion of eyeballs

55
Q

What are the functions of zinc?

A

normal growth, development, reproduction & immunity; maintenance of protein structure and DNA/RNA replication; cell membrane structure & fxn; storage, release & fxn of insulin; superoxide dismutase; appetite and taste acuity

56
Q

How is zinc absorbed?

A

by diffusion or binding to a ligand

57
Q

What does zinc bind to once in the intestinal mucosal cell?

A

metaollothionein

58
Q

What does CRIP do?

A

carries zinc from the mucosal cell to the blood

59
Q

What is the absorption average of zinc?

A

20%, but varies from 11% with low meat, high DF to 26% with high meant, low DF

60
Q

What is the RDA for zinc?

A

11 mg/d men and 8 mg/d women

61
Q

What is the UL for zinc?

A

40 mg/d

62
Q

What are sources of zinc?

A

meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy

63
Q

what is the best source of zinc?

A

absorbed from animal products

64
Q

What are symptoms of zinc deficiency?

A

retarded growth, delayed sexual development, rough skin, and anemia

65
Q

What is acrodermatitis enteropathica?

A

genetic reduction in zinc absorption usually in infants

66
Q

When is zinc toxicity observed?

A

with supplements of 100-300 mg/d

67
Q

What are symptoms of zinc toxicity?

A

impaired copper and iron status, anemia, and immune deficiency

68
Q

What is the function of copper?

A

essential part of many metalloenzymes involved in energy release and synthesis of many products

69
Q

What is ceruloplasmin?

A

enzyme involved in iron absorption, heme synthesis, and release of iron from storage

70
Q

Where is copper absorbed from?

A

all parts of the intestine

71
Q

Where is copper excreted?

A

mainly in feces (bile, sloughed cells) with a small amount excreted in urine

72
Q

What is the RDA for copper?

A

900 mcg/d

73
Q

What is the UL for copper?

A

10 mg/d

74
Q

What are sources of copper?

A

liver, shellfish, nuts, cocoa, mushrooms, whole grains

75
Q

what are symptoms of copper deficiency in children?

A

psychomotor retardation, hypotonia, anemia, low blood Cu and ceruloplasmin

76
Q

What is menke’s kinky hair syndrome?

A

defect in Cu absorption and transport

77
Q

What are symptoms of menke’s kinky hair syndrome?

A

slow growth, degeneration of brain tissue, hypothermia, seizures, defective arterial walls, depigmentation of skin and hair, stubbly white hair

78
Q

What is copper toxicity usually from?

A

excess in unbound form

79
Q

What is wilson’s disease?

A

inborn error that prevents excretion of Cu in bile, causing accumulation in liver, kidney and cornea

80
Q

How is wilson’s disease treated?

A

with penicillamine to bind Cu for excretion… lifelong

81
Q

What are functions of selenium?

A

somewhat exchangeable with vit. E, in Gpx, GPxII, selenoprotein P, and thyroxin metabolism

82
Q

how is Se present in foods?

A

as selenomethionine (plants) or selenocysteine (animal)

83
Q

What is the RDA for Se?

A

55 mcg/d for men and women

84
Q

What is the UL for Se?

A

400 mcg/d

85
Q

What are sources of Se?

A

organ meats, muscle meats, cereals and grains, dairy products, fruits, and veggies

86
Q

What is keshan disease?

A

Se deficiency

87
Q

What are symptoms of keshan disease?

A

cardiomyopathy in children and women of child bearing age

88
Q

What causes selenosis?

A

Se toxicity

89
Q

what are symptoms of selenosis?

A

hair and nail loss, skin lesions, tooth decay, nervous system abnormalities

90
Q

What is the AI for fluoride?

A

4 mg/d for men and 3 mg/d for women

91
Q

what are sources of fluoride?

A

fluoridated water; seafood, tea and coffee, vegetables

92
Q

What happens if you have a toxicity from fluoride?

A

fluorosis

93
Q

What is chromium involved in?

A

insulin sensitivity and glucose utilization

94
Q

T/F: chromium is very poorly absorbed

A

true

95
Q

What is the AI for chromium?

A

35 mcg/d for men and 25 mcg/d for women

96
Q

What are sources of chromium?

A

meats and whole grains

97
Q

what happens if you have a deficiency of chromium?

A

reduced glucose tolerance, decreased glycogen stores, retarded growth

98
Q

what is the AI for manganese?

A

2.3 mg/d for men and 1.8 mg/d for women

99
Q

What is the UL for manganese?

A

11 mg/d

100
Q

What are sources of manganese?

A

whole grains, nuts, dried legumes and green veggies

101
Q

What is a manganese toxicity caused by?

A

inhalation of industrial pollutants

102
Q

What is the RDA for molybdenum?

A

45 mcg/d

103
Q

What is the UL for molybdenum?

A

2 mg/d

104
Q

What are sources of molybdenum?

A

legumes, grain products and nuts

105
Q

What are the ultratrace minerals?

A

boron (bone growth), nickel (enzyme cofactor), silicon (cartilage, collagen, and bone formation), arsenic (phospholipid, amino acid and DNA metabolism), and vanadium (growth, iron, glucose and lipid metabolism, reproduction, bone development)

NUTR 315 (22 decks)

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