Lifecycle nutrition: pregnancy & lactation Flashcards
why does pregnancy put increased nutritional demands on the mother?
to meet her own needs and provide for special needs of the fetus
what does nutrient and calorie supplies in pregnancy impact?
the final outcome and health of the offspring later in life
what are the three layers that the embryo cells are split into?
endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
What is the endoderm?
will develop into the digestive system, liver, and pancreas
What is the mesoderm?
will develop into skeleton, muscles, heart, and blood vessels
What is the ectoderm?
will develop into skin, nervous system, and sensory organs
What is the placenta?
an organ through which nourishment flows to the fetus, oxygen and nutrients are delivered to the fetus while fetal waste products are being removed
when does 90% of all fetal growth occur?
in the last 20 weeks of gestation
What is the potential effect of a calorie deficiency?
growth retardation and low birth weight
What is the potential effect of excess calories?
high birth weight, complications during labor and delivery
What is the potential effect of a protein deficiency?
reduced head circumference; fewer cells than normal, impact particularly severe in the brain
what is the potential effect of an excess in protein?
if high consumption is coupled with low carb intake, may lower glucose availability and restrict energy available to the fetus
What is a potential effect of a vit. C deficiency?
premature birth
What is a potential effect of an excess vit C?
sudden drop in vit. C after birth and may cause vit. C deficiency symptoms
What is a potential effect of folate deficiency?
spontaneous abortion; fluid accumulation in the skull, leading to brain damage; growth retardation; premature birth; neural tube defects
What is a potential effect of excess folate?
may inhibit maternal absorption of other nutrients and hinders diagnosis of maternal vitamin B12 deficiency
What is a potential effect of vit. A deficiency?
premature birth, eye abnormalities & impaired vision; maternal death
What is a potential effect of an excess in vit. A?
birth defect that affect the nervous and cardio systems and facial deformities
What is a potential effect of vit. D deficiency?
low birth weight, rickets, lack of enamel on teeth
What is a potential of excess vit. D?
calcificaiton of soft tissues, such as the kidneys; mental retardation; growth retardation
What is a potential effect of calcium deficiency?
decreased bone density
What is a potential effect of an excess of calcium?
may hinder maternal absorption of minerals, such as iron and zinc
What is a potential effect of iron deficiency?
low birth weight, premature birth, increased risk of fetal or infant death
What is a potential effect of excess iron?
may hinder maternal absorption of minerals such as zinc and calcium
What is a potential effect of iodine deficiency?
cretinism