Weight Gain

Question 1

______ of the Australian population
are overweight or obese and only 2–4%
underweight.

Answer 1

Two-thirds

Question 2

______ gives a higher cardiovascular

risk at any weight

Answer 2

Abdominal obesity

Question 3

T or F

Answer 3

Even small weight losses are effective in preventing
diabetes and improving the cardiovascular risk
profile.

Question 4

It is important not to misdiagnose ___________ which may result in hyperphagia and obesity.

Answer 4

hypothalamic

disorders,

Question 5

The endocrine disorders that cause obesity include

Answer 5

Cushing syndrome, hypothyroidism, insulinsecreting

tumours and hypogonadism

Question 6

An_____________ is a very rare adenoma of the B cells of the islets of Langerhans. The main features are symptoms of hypoglycaemia and obesity

Answer 6

insulin-secreting tumour (insulinoma)

Question 7

The rare congenital disorders that cause obesity,

such as ____ and _______, should be easy to recognise in children

Answer 7

Prader–Willi and Laurence–Moon–Biedl

syndromes

Question 8

Some girls with_________

may be short and overweight

Answer 8

Turner syndrome (XO karyotype)

Question 9

Drugs that can cause obesity

Answer 9

tricyclic antidepressants, mirtazapine, corticosteroids,
pizotifen, thioridazine, haloperidol, Depo-Provera
and the contraceptive pill.

Question 10

An extensive working up of the CNS is not
indicated in obesity without the presence of
suspicious symptoms such as __________

Answer 10

visual difficulties

Question 11

Impt investigations for obesity

Answer 11

• Cholesterol/triglycerides
• Glucose (fasting)
• Liver function tests
• Electrolytes and urea

Question 12

What is the waste circumference suggestive of obesity with inc comorbidities

— in men _________
— in women______

Answer 12

> 94 cm (>102—high risk)

> 80 cm (>88—high risk)

Question 13

How to measure waist circumference

Answer 13

Measure waist halfway between inferior margin
of last rib and crest of ilium in mid-axillary line over
bare skin.

Question 14

waist–hip circumference ratio (W/H ratio):
healthy range <0.9—a better predictor of
________ than BMI

Answer 14

cardiovascular risk

Question 15

4 skinfold thickness______,_______, ______ and ______—for

calculation of percentage body fat

Answer 15

(sum of suprailiac,

subscapular, triceps and biceps skinfolds)

Question 16

________ which is defined as a
W/H ratio of >0.85 in women and >0.95 in men,
is a more accurate indicator of the complications of
diabetes

Answer 16

Abdominal fatness,

Question 17

What are the limitations for BMI

Answer 17

The BMI has limitations. It doesn’t distinguish
between men and women or between body types and
it doesn’t work for children

Question 18

Various studies have found that approximately _____
of prepubertal and _____ of adolescent age groups are
obese

Answer 18

10%

15%

Question 19

Obesity in children is a BMI for age______

percentile while overweight is_______percentile

Answer 19

> 95th

>85th

Question 20

The characteristic features are bizarre eating habits
(e.g. binge eating), obesity, hypotonia, hypogonadism,
intellectual disability, small hands and feet and a characteristic facial appearance (narrow bifrontal
diameter, ‘almond-shaped’ eyes and a ‘tented’ upper
lip).

Answer 20

Prader–Willi syndrome

Question 21

Characteristics include excessive growth, macrosomia,
macroglossia, umbilical hernia and neonatal
hypoglycaemia. Children appear obese as they are
above the 95th percentile by 18 months of age

Answer 21

Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome

Question 22

_______ is the term used to describe
the chemical features of increased free circulating
glucocorticoid

Answer 22

Cushing syndrome

Question 23

MCC of Cushing syndrome

Answer 23

The most common cause is

iatrogenic with the prescribing of synthetic corticosteroids.

Question 24

Why are pts with Cushings syndrome called ‘lemon with

matchsticks’

Answer 24

Large trunk and thin limbs: the ‘lemon with

matchsticks’ sign

Question 25

Dx evaluation of Cushing

Answer 25

plasma cortisol and overnight

dexamethasone suppression tests

Question 26

Cause of premature death from Cushing

Answer 26

with premature death from myocardial infarction, cardiac failure and infection

Question 27

Tx of obesity is based on the ff pillars

Answer 27

1 reduction in energy intake
2 change in diet composition
3 increased physical activity
4 behavioural therapy

Question 28

Surgery is the most effective treatment for obesity

but is associated with risks such as _______

Answer 28

malabsorption

Question 29

In those with morbid obesity (about 2% of the
population) unresponsive to behaviour modification
therapy and a course of pharmacological agents
for 3 months or so, __________ has a place

Answer 29

gastric banding

Question 30

The site of generalised oedema is largely determined

by _______

Answer 30

gravity

Question 31

The causes of edema can be generally divided into two groups—
1
2

Answer 31

oedema associated with a decreased plasma volume
and oedema associated with an increased plasma
volume

Question 32

Examples of edema from Decreased plasma volume

Answer 32

Hypoalbuminaemia (e.g. nephrotic syndrome, chronic

liver disease, malnutrition

Question 33

Examples of edema from Inc plasma volume

Answer 33

Congestive cardiac failure
Chronic kidney failure
Drugs (e.g. corticosteroids, NSAIDs, certain
antihypertensives, oestrogens, lithium, others

Question 34

_________, also known as cyclical or periodic
oedema, is a common problem and the diagnosis is
made on a characteristic history

Answer 34

Idiopathic oedema

Question 35

Initial Mx Idiopathic oedema

Answer 35

Treatment of this condition is difficult. Most
diuretics can aggravate the problem. Supportive
stockings and a nutritious diet (with restricted
sodium intake) is recommended as first-line
treatment.

Question 36

________’ refers to a characteristic form of dimpling
seen in the subcutaneous tissues of hips, buttocks
and thighs of females

Answer 36

‘Cellulite