Leg pain Flashcards
MC nerve root causing leg pain
L5 and S1 nerve roots
Chronic ischaemia due to arterial occlusion can
manifest as :
intermittent claudication or rest pain in
the foot due to small vessel disease
varicose veins can certainly cause a dull aching ‘heaviness’ and cramping, and can lead to _____
painful ulceration
The most common cause of leg pain in children is _______
soreness and muscular strains due to trauma or unaccustomed exercise.
So-called _________, or idiopathic leg pain, is
thought to be responsible for up to 20% of leg pain in
children
‘growing pains’
Pain location of growing pains
The pains are typically intermittent and
symmetrical and deep in the legs, usually in the
anterior thighs or calves
Main consideartions for leg pain in the elderly
The older the patient, the more likely it is that arterial
disease with intermittent claudication and neurogenic
claudication due to spinal canal stenosis will develop
_______ is usually contraindicated for radicular sciatica
Conventional spinal manipulation
Referred pain in the leg can arise from disorders
of the _____ or ______
SIJs or from spondylogenic disorders
__________ is that which
originates from any of the components of the vertebrae
(spondyles), including joints, the intervertebral disc,
ligaments and muscle attachments
Non-radicular or spondylogenic pain
This causes typically a dull ache in the buttock
but it can be referred to the iliac fossa, groin or
posterior aspects of the thighs
Sacroiliac dysfunction
This is the commonest lower limb entrapment and
is due to the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the
thigh being trapped under the lateral end of the
inguinal ligament, 1 cm medial to the ASIS.
Meralgia paraesthetica
DDx for Meralgia paraesthetica
• L2 or L3 nerve root pain (L2 causes buttock pain
also)
• Femoral neuropathy (extends medial to midline)
The _________nerve can
be entrapped where it winds around the neck of the
fibula or as it divides and passes through the origin of
the peroneus longus muscle 2.5 cm below the neck of
the fibula.
common peroneal (lateral popliteal)
Pain location of peroneal nerve palsy
Pain in the lateral shin area and dorsum of the
foot
This is an entrapment neuropathy of the posterior
tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel beneath the flexor
retinaculum on the medial side of the ankle. The
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
SSx of Tarsal tunnel syndrome
A burning or tingling pain in the toes and sole of
the foot, occasionally the heel.
Retrograde radiation to calf, perhaps as high as
the buttock
Test for Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Tinel test (finger or reflex hammer tap over
nerve below and behind medial malleolus) may
be positive
Mx of Tarsal tunnel syndrome
- Relief of abnormal foot posture with orthotics
- Corticosteroid injection into tunnel
- Decompression surgery if other measures fail
The commonest site of acute occlusion is the _____
common femoral artery
Ominous sign of acute limb ischemia
Paralysis (paresis or weakness) and muscle compartment
pain or tenderness is a most important and
ominous sign
acute limb ischemia
If the foot becomes dusky purple and fails to blanch on pressure, ________ has occurred
irreversible necrosis
What artery is being tested?
Palpate deeply just below the inguinal ligament, midway between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis. If absent or diminished, palpate over abdomen for aortic aneurysm
Femoral artery.
What artery?
Palpate, with curved fingers,
just behind and below the tip of the medial malleolus
of the ankle.
Posterior tibial artery
What artery?
Feel at the proximal end of the first metatarsal space just lateral to the extensor tendon of the big toe.
Dorsalis pedis artery.
pitting oedema is tested by ________
pressing firmly with your thumb for at least
5 seconds over the dorsum of each foot, behind each
medial malleolus and over the shins.
What test?
Raise both legs to about 60 ° for about 1 minute, when
maximal pallor of the feet will develop. Then get the
patient to sit up on the couch and hang both legs
down.
Postural colour changes (Buerger test)
What is a positive Buerger test?
A positive Buerger test is pallor on elevation and rubor on dependency and indicates severe chronic ischaemia
What is the golden rule for Tx of ALI
Occlusion is usually reversible if treated within 4 hours (i.e. limb salvage). It is often irreversible if treated after 6 hours (i.e. limb amputation).
Mx of ALI
- Intravenous heparin (immediately) 5000 U
* Emergency embolectomy (ideally within 4 hours):
Sx of ALI
• Stenting of vessels (a good modern option)—discuss
this with an interventional cardiovascular physician
• Arterial bypass if acute thrombosis in chronically
diseased artery
Mx of irreversible ALI
Amputation (early) if irreversible ischaemic changes
ALI prevention
Lifetime anticoagulation with warfarin will be
required
_______caused by gradual arterial
occlusion can manifest as intermittent claudication,
rest pain in the foot, or overt tissue loss—ulceration,
gangrene
Chronic ischaemia
_______is a pain or tightness
in the muscle on exercise (Latin claudicare, to limp),
relieved by rest
Intermittent claudication
________ is a constant severe
burning-type pain or discomfort in the forefoot at
rest, typically occurring at night when the blood flow
slows down.
Rest pain
Determine the level of obstruction
• Pain in the buttock, thigh and calf, especially
when walking up hills and stairs
• Persistent fatigue over whole lower limb
• Impotence is possible (Leriche syndrome)
Proximal obstruction (e.g. aortoiliac)
Obstruction in the thigh
Determine the level of osbtruction
•____________ (the commonest) causes
pain in the calf (e.g. 200–500 m), depending on
collateral circulation
• ___________ → claudication at about 100 m
•___________ → claudication at 40–50 m
Superficial femoral
profunda femoris
multiple segment involvement
affects small arteries, causes rest
pain and cyanosis (claudication uncommon)
Buerger disease
The presence of_________implies an immediate threat to limb viability.
rest pain
In CLI,
Why do doppler?
measure resting ankle systolic BP; determine ankle/brachial index; normal value 0.9–1.1
Gold standard for dx of CLI
Angiography: the gold standard, reserved for
proposed intervention
What to do in CLI if need surgery is needed?
Arteriography
Drug TX for CLI
Drug therapy: aspirin 150 mg daily.
What has no value in CLI Tx
Drug therapy: aspirin 150 mg daily.
Prognosis of CLI
About one-third progress, while the rest regress
or don’t change. 5
When to refer to a vascular surgeon?
- ‘Unstable’ claudication of recent onset; deteriorating
- Severe claudication—unable to maintain lifestyle
- Rest pain
- ‘Tissue loss’ in feet
What surgical procedure?
__________—for localised iliac stenosis
endarterectomy
What procedure?
This angioplasty is performed with a special intra-arterial balloon catheter for localised limited occlusions. An alternative to the balloon is laser angioplasty
Percutaneous transluminal dilation
________ are dilated, tortuous and elongated
superficial veins in the lower extremity
Varicose veins
Why are varicose veins dilated?
1
2
The veins are dilated because of incompetence
of the valves in the superficial veins or in the
communicating or perforating veins between the
deep and superficial systems
Risk factors for varicose veins
Female sex Family history Pregnancy Multiparity Age Occupation Diet (low fibre)
Dilated superficial veins, which can mimic varicose
veins, may be caused by extrinsic compression of
the veins by a_____ or _________
pelvic or intra-abdominal tumour
Uncommon causes of superficial veins
Uncommonly, but importantly, superficial veins
dilate as they become collaterals following previous
DVT, especially if the ilio-femoral segment is involved.
When do varicose veins become painful?
Pain is a feature where there are incompetent perforating
veins running from the posterior tibial vein to the
surface through the soleus muscle
Cx of varicose veins
Superficial thrombophlebitis Skin ‘eczema’ (10%) Skin ulceration (20%) Bleeding Calcification Marjolin ulcer (squamous cell carcinoma
This helps determine long saphenous vein incompetence.
A marked dilated long saphenous vein in the fossa ovalis (saphena varix) will confirm incompetence. It disappears when the patient lies down
Venous groin cough impulse
A doubly positive __________is
when the veins fill rapidly before the pressure is
released and then with a ‘rush’ when released. This
indicates coexisting incompetent perforators and
long saphenous vein
Trendelenburg test
A similar test to the Trendelenburg test is performed with the pressure (tourniquet or finger) being applied over the
short saphenous vein just below the popliteal fossa
Short saphenous vein incompetence test.
Where are the sites where it is difficult to identify incompetence
medial aspect of the
leg, posterior to the medial border of the tibia
_____________studies will accurately localise sites of incompetence and determine the state of the functionally important deep venous system.
Venous duplex ultrasound
How to Tx varicose veins
• Keep off legs as much as possible.
• Sit with legs on a footstool.
• Use supportive stockings or tights (apply in
morning before standing out of bed).
• Avoid scratching itching skin over veins.
What Tx regimen?
It is ideal for smaller, isolated veins, particularly
below the knee joint.
Compression sclerotherapy
This is the best treatment when a clear
association exists between symptoms and
obvious varicose veins (i.e. long saphenous vein
incompetence
Surgical ligation and stripping
T or F
Surgery for varicose veins may relieve
heavy, aching legs
F (does not relieve)
• Usually occurs in superficial varicose veins
• Presents as a tender, reddened subcutaneous
cord in leg
• Usually localised oedema
Superficial thrombophlebitis
When is there a risk of DVT in superficial thrombophlebitis?
there is extension above the level of the
knee when there is a risk of pulmonary embolism
This rare but life-threatening condition is when an
extensive clot obstructs the iliofemoral veins so
completely that subcutaneous oedema and blanching
occurs.
Iliofemoral thrombophlebitis (phlegmasia dolens)
Initial presentation of Iliofemoral thrombophlebitis
This initially causes a painful ‘milky white
leg’, previously termed phlegmasia alba dolens