week 9 patho seizures

Question 1

what is the resting membrane potential

Answer 1

-70 to -80 mv

Question 2

how do elements contribute to depolarisation

Answer 2

• calcium and sodium come in, potassium leaves

Question 3

what are the two main neurotransmitters responsible for brain excitation

Answer 3

acetylcholine and glutamate (excitatory)

Question 4

which neurotransmitters cause inhibition

Answer 4

dopamine and GABA (inhibitory)

Question 5

whats the difference between seizure and epilepsy

Answer 5

seizure is an abnormal sudden electrical discharge of neurons that can result in seizure
epilepsy is a chronic disorder in which repeated unprovoked seizure activity occurs

Question 6

what are the three broad categories of seizures

Answer 6

generalised seizures, focal onset seizures, unclassified seizures

Question 7

seizures characterised by a loss of consciousness and last for 5 minutes are

Answer 7

tonic clonic

Question 8

which seizure has a person staring blank and unresponsive for 5-10 seconds

Answer 8

absence

Question 9

which type of seizure is brief jerking of extremities often right after waking up or going to bed

Answer 9

myoclonic

Question 10

which seizure is the one where they literally just fall over

Answer 10

atonic

Question 11

which seizure is the one where something weird randomly just happens to them but theyre super aware (i.e. cant speak)

Answer 11

focal aware seizure

Question 12

which type of seizure is the one where they appear to be awake but are absent and have automatism behaviour

Answer 12

focal impaired

Question 13

what are focal seizures

Answer 13

partial seizures where only one part of the brain is involved.

Question 14

what are the main triggers for seizures

Answer 14

stress, lack of sleep, hormones, stimulation, fever mainly

Question 15

what are the seizure stages

Answer 15

1. prodrome: days to hours before seizure patient has changes in mood
2. aura: early part of seizure (smell things, visual changes)
3. Ictal phase: the actual seizure
4. postictal: patient is likely confused, exhausted, muscle aches, injuries

Question 16

what are the 5 big consequences of seizures

Answer 16

• aspiration
• impaired gas exchange
• injury
• quality of life
• mental health

Question 17

what is status epilepticus

Answer 17

seizure for over 5 mins or repeated seizures for over 30 mins, this is a medical emergency

Question 18

why is status epilepticus so bad

Answer 18

because the brain needs more metabolism during this time (O2, glucose, etc)
the brain can go info hypocxemia, hyperthermia, resp failure, cardiac arrest

Question 19

how does status epilepticus cause renal failure (rhabomyolysis)

Answer 19

because it can cause muscle breakdown which causes myoglobin accumulation in the kidneys