week 6 path Flashcards
what is the main purpose of bone
to bear weight, levers for movement, and produces red and white blood cells in the bone marrow
what is hematopoesis
bone marrow producing RBC and WBC
which two vitamins does bones store
calcium and phosphate
whats the difference between a joint and cartilage
joints: enclosed in a capsule of fibrous tissue and joins two bones together, forming a cavity
cartilage: rigid connective tissue that supports soft tissue and bones
how is cartilage protective
it absorbs sick from things like running, jumping, etc.
what is the synovial membrane
it lines the cavity of a joint and creates synovial fluid
whats a synarthrodial joint
completely immovable joint
what is an alpha artrhodial joint
slightly movable joint
what is a diarthrodial joint
a freely movable joint (most common, like the elbow)
what is articular cartilage
cartilage between two joints
what are the three types of muscles
cardiac muscle: myocardium
smooth muscle: like in the bladder, GI tract, etc
skeletal muscle: all muscles involved with voluntary movement
whats the difference between ligaments and tendons
tendons attach muscle to bone
ligaments connect bones to bones and provide stability
why do tendon and bone injuries take longer to heal than other injuries
because theyre made of dense CT, they have low blood supply which means they’ll take longer to heal because inflammatory process isn’t as good
whats a fracture
a break in the structure of the bone
whats the difference between an open and closed fracture
open: if it broke skin and is exposed to air (risk for infection)
closed: fracture under closed skin
how would you classify fracture according to directioin
transverse: along the bone
spiral
what is crepitus
a crunching noise that you hear from a bone after a fracture
what are the four fracture complications
infection, compartnemtn syndrome, venous thromboembolism, fat embolism
what types of fractures pose the biggest risk for infection
open fractures because theyre exposed to outside air and bacteria. (also fractures that require surgery)
how would you look for signs of infection in a patient with a fracture
inflammation, warmth, redness, swelling, increased pain, fever
what is compartment syndrome
increased pressure in the muscle which can lead to iscemia and decrease in blood flow
what are the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome
pain, pressure, parenthesis, pallor, pulselessness (bad), paralysis (v bad)
what is a venous thromboembolism
from venous stasis, clot forms and can travel around
which types of fractures pose a risk of venous thromboembolism
hip fractures, hip and knee surgery
what is virchows triad
- immobility
- endothelial damage
- hypercoaguability
what is a fat embolism
it occurs when bone breaks, can pop up 24-48 hours after damage
usually asymptomatic, only bad when it travels to vital organs
basically a bit of fat develops in pulmonary circulation
what are some symptoms of a fat embolism
tachycardia, tachypnea, and dyspnea and well as neurological conditions such as bitchiness
what are the three types of arthritis
osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gout
what is osteoarthritis
degenerative, gradual loss of cartilage. causes pain as bones have no protection and rub together
what are the risk factors for OA
obesity
trauma
repetitive use
post menopausal (because estrogen is protective against OA)
family history
what are the main clinical manifestations of OA
- non systemic
- stiffness in the tAM
- pain usually gets worse, relieved with rest
- crepitus (cronch)
- asymmetry
what are the two joint deformities in osteoarthritis
heberden nodes (small, pea-sized bony growths that right before the nail bed)
Bouchard nodes (joint of the finger is swollen)
what is rheumatoid arthritis
chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. (systemic)
what causes RA
environmental triggers and genetics
what are the main general symptoms of RA
fatigue, fever, anorexia, weight loss, generalised stiffness
what are some localised symptoms of RA
pain worse in the AM and improves as joint is used
multiple joints bilaterally are effected (all over and even)
limitation of movement
heat
swelling
what are the 4 RA joint deformities
google cuz I don’t get it lol
what is the patho of gout
accumulation of uric acid crystals in one or more joints. quick onset
what substances will trigger gout
purines, they can be exogenous or endogenous.
what are the risk factors of gout
being male, obesity, hypertension, diuretic use, excessive alcohol, high diet in purine rich foods.
what is osteoporosis patho
basically osteoclasts work faster that osteoblasts, which means bone is being broken down faster than its being built. this results in low bone density and porous bones
what are some risk factors for increased loss of bone mass
low calcium, low vitamin D, low estrogen, smoking, ETOH, drugs, physical inactivity
what is a primary risk factor for osteoperosis
natural aging, genetic factors
what is a secondary risk factor for osteoporosis
diseases such as turners, cushings, diabetes, RA
what are the pain clinical manifestations of osteoporosis
fractures that occur with little to no trauma
pain (worse with activity and improves with rest)
loss of vertebral height and kyphosis
which two joint deformities occur with osteoarthritis
heberdens nodes (on the hands)
bouchards nodes (on the feet)
which two joint deformities occur with gout
tophi (all over the hands)
podagra (on the joint in the big toe)
what is a hallux valgus and which MSK issue is it associated with
rheumatoid arthritis
what is ESR and C reactive protein
theyre both inflammatory markers that could indicate Rheumatoid arthritis
