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NURS 2514 > week 6 path > Flashcards

week 6 path Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main purpose of bone

A

to bear weight, levers for movement, and produces red and white blood cells in the bone marrow

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2
Q

what is hematopoesis

A

bone marrow producing RBC and WBC

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3
Q

which two vitamins does bones store

A

calcium and phosphate

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4
Q

whats the difference between a joint and cartilage

A

joints: enclosed in a capsule of fibrous tissue and joins two bones together, forming a cavity
cartilage: rigid connective tissue that supports soft tissue and bones

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5
Q

how is cartilage protective

A

it absorbs sick from things like running, jumping, etc.

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6
Q

what is the synovial membrane

A

it lines the cavity of a joint and creates synovial fluid

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7
Q

whats a synarthrodial joint

A

completely immovable joint

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8
Q

what is an alpha artrhodial joint

A

slightly movable joint

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9
Q

what is a diarthrodial joint

A

a freely movable joint (most common, like the elbow)

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10
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

cartilage between two joints

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11
Q

what are the three types of muscles

A

cardiac muscle: myocardium
smooth muscle: like in the bladder, GI tract, etc
skeletal muscle: all muscles involved with voluntary movement

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12
Q

whats the difference between ligaments and tendons

A

tendons attach muscle to bone
ligaments connect bones to bones and provide stability

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13
Q

why do tendon and bone injuries take longer to heal than other injuries

A

because theyre made of dense CT, they have low blood supply which means they’ll take longer to heal because inflammatory process isn’t as good

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14
Q

whats a fracture

A

a break in the structure of the bone

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15
Q

whats the difference between an open and closed fracture

A

open: if it broke skin and is exposed to air (risk for infection)
closed: fracture under closed skin

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16
Q

how would you classify fracture according to directioin

A

transverse: along the bone
spiral

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17
Q

what is crepitus

A

a crunching noise that you hear from a bone after a fracture

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18
Q

what are the four fracture complications

A

infection, compartnemtn syndrome, venous thromboembolism, fat embolism

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19
Q

what types of fractures pose the biggest risk for infection

A

open fractures because theyre exposed to outside air and bacteria. (also fractures that require surgery)

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20
Q

how would you look for signs of infection in a patient with a fracture

A

inflammation, warmth, redness, swelling, increased pain, fever

21
Q

what is compartment syndrome

A

increased pressure in the muscle which can lead to iscemia and decrease in blood flow

22
Q

what are the 6 Ps of compartment syndrome

A

pain, pressure, parenthesis, pallor, pulselessness (bad), paralysis (v bad)

23
Q

what is a venous thromboembolism

A

from venous stasis, clot forms and can travel around

24
Q

which types of fractures pose a risk of venous thromboembolism

A

hip fractures, hip and knee surgery

25
Q

what is virchows triad

A
  • immobility
  • endothelial damage
  • hypercoaguability
26
Q

what is a fat embolism

A

it occurs when bone breaks, can pop up 24-48 hours after damage
usually asymptomatic, only bad when it travels to vital organs
basically a bit of fat develops in pulmonary circulation

27
Q

what are some symptoms of a fat embolism

A

tachycardia, tachypnea, and dyspnea and well as neurological conditions such as bitchiness

28
Q

what are the three types of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis
rheumatoid arthritis
gout

29
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

degenerative, gradual loss of cartilage. causes pain as bones have no protection and rub together

30
Q

what are the risk factors for OA

A

obesity
trauma
repetitive use
post menopausal (because estrogen is protective against OA)
family history

31
Q

what are the main clinical manifestations of OA

A
  • non systemic
  • stiffness in the tAM
  • pain usually gets worse, relieved with rest
  • crepitus (cronch)
  • asymmetry
32
Q

what are the two joint deformities in osteoarthritis

A

heberden nodes (small, pea-sized bony growths that right before the nail bed)
Bouchard nodes (joint of the finger is swollen)

33
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

chronic disease that causes inflammation around the body and commonly presents with pain in the joints. (systemic)

34
Q

what causes RA

A

environmental triggers and genetics

35
Q

what are the main general symptoms of RA

A

fatigue, fever, anorexia, weight loss, generalised stiffness

36
Q

what are some localised symptoms of RA

A

pain worse in the AM and improves as joint is used
multiple joints bilaterally are effected (all over and even)
limitation of movement
heat
swelling

37
Q

what are the 4 RA joint deformities

A

google cuz I don’t get it lol

38
Q

what is the patho of gout

A

accumulation of uric acid crystals in one or more joints. quick onset

39
Q

what substances will trigger gout

A

purines, they can be exogenous or endogenous.

40
Q

what are the risk factors of gout

A

being male, obesity, hypertension, diuretic use, excessive alcohol, high diet in purine rich foods.

41
Q

what is osteoporosis patho

A

basically osteoclasts work faster that osteoblasts, which means bone is being broken down faster than its being built. this results in low bone density and porous bones

42
Q

what are some risk factors for increased loss of bone mass

A

low calcium, low vitamin D, low estrogen, smoking, ETOH, drugs, physical inactivity

43
Q

what is a primary risk factor for osteoperosis

A

natural aging, genetic factors

44
Q

what is a secondary risk factor for osteoporosis

A

diseases such as turners, cushings, diabetes, RA

45
Q

what are the pain clinical manifestations of osteoporosis

A

fractures that occur with little to no trauma
pain (worse with activity and improves with rest)
loss of vertebral height and kyphosis

46
Q

which two joint deformities occur with osteoarthritis

A

heberdens nodes (on the hands)
bouchards nodes (on the feet)

47
Q

which two joint deformities occur with gout

A

tophi (all over the hands)
podagra (on the joint in the big toe)

48
Q

what is a hallux valgus and which MSK issue is it associated with

A

rheumatoid arthritis

49
Q

what is ESR and C reactive protein

A

theyre both inflammatory markers that could indicate Rheumatoid arthritis

NURS 2514 (31 decks)

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