week 12 seminar

Question 1

what is the main goal of cancer screening

Answer 1

early detection and prompt treatment to increase survival rates

Question 2

is a screening test diagnostic

Answer 2

NON

Question 3

what are three issues with screening tests for patients

Answer 3

• false positives
• false reassurance
• emotional distress

Question 4

what are 4 OPQRSTU red flag findings that could indicate cancer

Answer 4

• no precipitating events
• slowly progressing/worsening
• nothing helps the symptoms
• constant, all the time, no relief

Question 5

what is the difference between localised and disseminated cancer

Answer 5

localised: pinpoint tumour
disseminated: systemic, wide spread

Question 6

which phase or carcinogenesis do carcinogens play a role

Answer 6

initiation phase

Question 7

which stage of carcinogenesis do diet and excersize play a role

Answer 7

promotion

Question 8

is initiation phase reversible

Answer 8

no

Question 9

what is the mneumonic we use for the 6 warning signs of cancer

Answer 9

CAUTION

Question 10

what are the 6 warning signs of cancer

Answer 10

Change in bowel/bladder habits
A sore that doesn’t heal
Thickening/lump
Indigestion/difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness

Question 11

what is the diameter indicating melanoma

Answer 11

over 6mm

Question 12

which type of lymph nodes will be unilateral

Answer 12

cancer lymph nodesw

Question 13

what are the characteristics of normal lymph nodes

Answer 13

freely moveable
discrete
soft
non tender

Question 14

what are the characteristics of cancer lymph nodes

Answer 14

hard, unilateral, persistent, contender, fixed

Question 15

what are the characteristics of lymph nodes due to infection

Answer 15

bilateral
enlarged
warm
tender
firm but freely moveable

Question 16

which is the only diagnostic tool that can definitively tell us something is cancer

Answer 16

biopsies

Question 17

what are the two types of biopsies

Answer 17

needle: fluids
insisional/excisional: solid tissue

Question 18

wha does cytology look for

Answer 18

looks closely at tissues of cells and bodily fluids

Question 19

what is radioisotope scanning

Answer 19

Ex. PET scan, lights up if there’s mets

Question 20

which diagnostic diagnosis bone marrow cancer

Answer 20

bone marrow aspiration (ouch)

Question 21

whats the difference between grading and staging cancer

Answer 21

grading: classifies cellular aspects, compares cancer to normal cells,
low grade: not that bad

staging: tells us how bad the cancer is

Question 22

why doesn’t chemo work as well for solid tumours

Answer 22

because they usually have low growth fraction

Question 23

what is purpura

Answer 23

little red dots on the legs due to thrombocytopenia

Question 24

what is petechia

Answer 24

ecxema looking red dots also due to thrombocytopenia

Question 25

which cancer drug may cause cystitis

Answer 25

cyclophosphamide

Question 26

what are B cell symptoms of lymphomas

Answer 26

weight loss, fever, night sweats

Question 27

what will ultimately differentiate Hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 27

reed Sternberg cells