week 12 pharm Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main approaches to treat cancer

A

surgery, radiation, and drug therapy

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2
Q

what does a disseminated cancer mean

A

dissemination enables the spread of cancer from its original site,
a disseminated cancer is a cancer that has metasteseizesd

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3
Q

what is the cell cycle of cancer

A

G1: growth
S: DNA synthesis
G2: prep for mitosis
M: actual mitosis and cell division

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4
Q

what is growth fraction
what effect does it have on chemo

A

tissues will either have cells that actively proliferate or cells that rest in G0 phase.
tissues with active poliferation will have a high growth fraction

high growth fraction = more vulnerable to chemo

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5
Q

which tissues have a high growth fraction

A

bone marrow, GI epithelium, Hair, sperm

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6
Q

what are the 4 maim barriers to chemo successs

A

-it is impossible to tell if you’ve killed all the cancer
-cancers can develop resistance
-its impossible to kill every malignant cell
-you cannot target cancer cells so you have to also kill healthy cells

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7
Q

what are the 4 main strategies for demo success

A
  • intermittent periods of therapy
  • combination therapy
  • optimize dosing schedules
  • regional drug therapyw
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8
Q

what are the benefits to combination drug therapy for chemo

A
  • reduces chance of resistance
  • increases overall cell killing
  • reduced toxicity to normal cells
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9
Q

what is neutropenia

A

low white blood cells (v high risk for infection)

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10
Q

what are three issues with bone marrow suppression

A

neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia

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11
Q

what are the three hematopoetic growth factors

A

erythropoietic growth factors
leukopoeitic growth factors (filgrastim)
thrombopoetic growth factors (oprelvekin)

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12
Q

which hematopoetic growth factor should you only give to palliative patients

A

erythropoietin

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13
Q

why cant you give PO erythropoietin

A

because it degrades digestive tract

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14
Q

what is filgrastim

A

leukopoeitic growth factor that stimulates neutrophils

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15
Q

which type of cancer can you not give filgrastim with

A

bone marrow cancer

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16
Q

what is oprelvekin

A

thrombopoeitic growth factor

17
Q

which type of cancer should you never give with oprelvekin

A

myeloid cancer

18
Q

what are some adverse effects of erythropoietin

A

makes blood more coagulable which can increase his of stroke, MI, and DVT

19
Q

which hematopoetic growth factor can only be subcut

A

oprelvekin

20
Q

what are the 3 GI issues caused by chemo

A

stomatitis
diarrhea
N/V

21
Q

what is stomatitis

A

basically its inflammation of oral mucosa that can lead to infection and canker sores

22
Q

how long after chemo would you see stomatitis

A

2-3 days after

23
Q

why does chemo cause diarrhoea

A

due to destruction of epithelial lining of intestine

24
Q

why does chemo cause nausea and vomiting

A

because it directly stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone (remember vomiting pathways)

25
Q

what are the three types of nausea d/t chemo

A
  • anticipatory
  • acute
  • delayed
26
Q

what drugs do patients usually take for chemo induced N/V and when do they take them

A

dexamethasone + ondansetron and they’ll take it 30 mins before chemo dose

27
Q

when will you see alopecia after first chemo dose

A

7-10 days after start of treatment

28
Q

when will alopecia usually peak d/t chemo

A

1-2 months after start of treatment

29
Q

when will hair grow back after chemo

A

1-2 months after treatment ends

30
Q

how does chemo affect reproduction in women

A

may cause amenorrhea and menopause symptoms

31
Q

what is extravasation

A

leakage of a drug from blood to surrounding tissues

32
Q

what is a vesicant

A

a cytotoxic drug that is very chemically reactive

33
Q

how can you reduce risk for injury from extravasation

A

using a central line

34
Q

what are some early signs and symptoms of extravasation with chemo

A

redness, swelling, and blisters around site

35
Q

why does chemo cause carcinogenesis

A

because they damage DNA which can promote cancer to develop

36
Q

which cytotoxic cancer drug is most likely to cause carcinogenesis

A

alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide