Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NURS 2514 > week 7 path > Flashcards

week 7 path Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two smaller systems that make up the nervous system

A

the CNS and the PNS (peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what constitutes the CNS

A

CNS consists of the brain, spinal chord, and cranial nerves 1 and 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what constitutes the PNS

A

cranial nerves 3-12, spinal nerves and the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the three main characteristics of neurons

A

excitability (ability to start an impulse)
conductivity (conduct nerve impulses from one neuron’s to the next)
ability to influence and communicate with other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the myelin sheath

A

an insulated layer that forms around neurons and allows impulses to smoothly travel across

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an action potential

A

basically the action of the neuron initiating, receiving and processing a message. it is defined as a rapid, self-propagating and transient change in voltage across the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does sodium and potassium move around to cause an action potential

A

sodium comes in and potassium leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the synapse

A

basically the bridge between two neurons. this is where near transmitters are released to continue the message further (the space between two neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of movement happens when an action potential reaches a gland vs. muscle

A

a gland is involuntary, a muscle is voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does a signal transmit across the synapse

A

the action potential starts at the presynaptic terminal of the first neuron.
it then gets to the synaptic cleft and acetylcholine is released.
there are receptors on the post synaptic cleft (second neuron) that receive acetylcholine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does a neurotransmitter do

A

its a chemical substance that travels actoss the synapse to signal the action potential to continue into the other neuron.
they can be excitatory or inhibitory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

whats the difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

excitatory causes an influx of sodium which promotes an action potential.
inhibitory causes efflux of potassium, which prevents the firing of the action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does the GABA neurotransmitter do (what kinds of things does it regulate)

A

its inhibitory, contributes to motor control, vision and regulates anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does dopamine (neurotransmitter) do

A

controls movement and posture, regulates mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) do

A

excitatory nt that triggers muscle contraction and stimulates the secretion of hormones. affects alertness, anger, focus, aggression, sexuality and thirst.
(the “go” neurotransmitter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does norepinephrine do

A

a nt that is important for attentiveness, sleeping, dreaming, and learning. Also released as a hormone and affects blood vessel constriction and increased heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

whats the difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does serotonin do

A

regulates body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite, and pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe the neuromuscular motor pathway

A

motor cortex, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, muscle fibre.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

when in the motor pathway do upper motor neurons switch to lower motor neurons

A

when it gets to the peripheral nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how does a signal generate from brain to muscle fibre

A

the motor pathway lol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which area of the brain is responsible for movement (captain of the ship)

A

the motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which two parts of the brain help the motor cortex

A

basal ganglia and cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

which part of the brain initiates and regulates body movements

A

the basal ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

which part of the brain regulates details of motor control, balance, smoothness, and coordination

A

cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which part of the brain is affected with Parkinson’s

A

basal ganglia because its initiates all body movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the analogy we use for the spinal chord

A

a massive information highway between the brain and the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

whats the difference between the ascending and descending pathway

A

ascending pathway: signals to brain
descending: signals to muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are afferent vs efferent nerves

A

afferent: sensory spinal nerves
efferent: motor spinal nerves

30
Q

what is the purpose of spinal/peripheral nerves

A

allow brain to stay connected to peripheral parts of the body, banishes out to muscles and organs all over the body. this is how the body reacts to environmental stimuli

31
Q

whats the difference between pyramidal and extrapyramidal neurons

A

pyramidal: efferent neurons carry impulses for voluntary muscle movements, whereas extrapyramidal: efferent neurons that carry impulses for involuntary movement

32
Q

what happens at the neuromuscular junction

A

neurotransmitter are released on to the muscle fibre to trigger a nerve impulse/muscle contraciton

33
Q

what is the path behind MS

A

it is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder. it damages the myelin sheath. this affects the neurons of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve.

34
Q

how does MS cause sensory, motor and cognitive deficits

A

impulses are disrupted from scarring in demyelination that blocks movement of signals

35
Q

what are the risk factors of MS

A

females, being on colder climates (associated with a vitamin D deficiency), being 30 (average age of onset), and it can be inherited genetically

36
Q

what are some precipitating factors that can lead to exacerbation of MS

A

infection, trauma, pregnancy, stress, fatigue, poor health, recent surgery

37
Q

how can you determine the clinical manifestations of MS

A

it depends on where the damage to the myelin sheath is and how quickly individuals start treatment

38
Q

what are the overall symptoms of MS

A

general weakness, limb paralysis, slowed speech and chewing.

39
Q

what type of disorder is MS

A

autoimmune, chronic, and inflammatory

40
Q

what are some serious complications of MS and why do they occur

A

Paralysis can lead to bedsores. Bladder problems may cause repeated urinary tract infections. Inactivity can result in weakness, poor posture muscle imbalances, decreased bone density, and breathing problems.

41
Q

what type of disease is Parkinson’s

A

it is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the CNS

42
Q

what are the risk factors for developing Parkinson’s disease

A

more common in men
60 is the average age of diagnosis
antipsychotic meds
illicit drug use
dementia
exposure to chemicals

43
Q

what is the patho behind Parkinson’s

A

dopamine producing neuron’s in ten substantia nigra are destroyed. dopamine is the inhibitory neurotransmitter which means less inhibition of overall muscle movement

44
Q

list 3 classic clinical manifestations of PD

A

tremor (from too much acetylcholine)
rigidity (from increased resistance to passive motion)
bradykinesia (loss of automatic movements, slowness of movement)

45
Q

which motor system is affected with Parkinson’s disease

A

the extrapyramidal motor function.

46
Q

how does Parkinson’s disease affect the brain and movement

A

the brain needs a good balance of acetylcholine and dopamine to produce proper motor function. If dopamine is lost, there is no inhibition of motor function.

47
Q

which areas of the brain are effected with PD

A

the substantia nigra and midbrain

48
Q

what are the 5 stages of Parkinson’s

A
  1. initial stage (unilateral limb movement, minimal weakness, hand trembling)
  2. midstage (bilateral limb involvement, mask like face, slow shuffling gait)
  3. moderate stage (postural instability, increased gait disturbances)
  4. severe disability (akinesia, rigidity)
  5. complete ADL dependence
49
Q

what are the 6 complications of neuromuscular disorders

A

aspiration, pneumonia, UTI, pressure sores, malnourishment, falls

50
Q

what are dermatones

A

area of the skin innervated by sensory fibres of a dorsal route (sensory nerves)

51
Q

what are myotomes

A

muscle group innervated by motor neurons of a ventral route (movement)

muscle equivaent of a dermatome

52
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column

A

protects the spinal cord,
supports head, provides flexibility

53
Q

what is the order of the vertebrae from top to bottom

A

7cervical
12thoracic
5lumbar
5sacral
4coccygeal

54
Q

where are the cervical vertebrae located

A

in the neck

55
Q

where are the thoracic vertebrae located

A

upper back

56
Q

where are the lumbar vertebrae located

A

lower back

57
Q

where are the sacral and coccyx vertebrae located

A

bum (coccyx is the tailbone area)

58
Q

how would you classify a spinal cord injury

A
  • mechanism of injury
  • level of injury
  • deficity
  • completeness/degree
59
Q

where is the vertebral damage causing tetraplegia

A

C8 and above

60
Q

where is the damage causing paraplegia

A

T1-T6

61
Q

which vertebrae damage causes total loss of respiratory function

A

above C4

62
Q

which vertebrae landmark causes CV changes like bradycardia and hypotension

A

above T6

63
Q

if the injury is in C4 where would it be located on the body

A

middle of the neck

64
Q

if the injury is in T6 where would it be located on the body

A

upper back

65
Q

what is the skeletal level of spinal cord injury

A
66
Q

what is peripheral neuropathy

A

damage through destruction/inflammation to peripheral nerves
- causes abnormal processing of sensory input

67
Q

whats the difference between mononeuropathy and polyneuropathy

A

mono: damage to a single nerve, poly: systemic/multiple nerves

68
Q

what are some common causes for peripheral neuropathy

A

diabetes, hypothyroidism, vitamin deficiencies, MS, Lyme disease, shingles.

69
Q

what are some life threatening causes of peripheral neuropathy

A

gillian barret: viral infection that begins in peripheral nerves
botulism: neurotoxin exposure
tetanus: neurotoxin exposure

70
Q

what are some autonomic clinical manifestations

A

bowel, bladder, and digestive dysfunction
heat intolerance
hypotension

NURS 2514 (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions