Week 9 Lecture Flashcards
cognitive Psychology is . . .
Processes involved in acquiring, storing and using information
Consolidation
- Hippocampus is important for consolidation of memories
- Stabilises memory after it is initially acquired.
- is part of encoding and storage of memory function
Auditory Memory Code
Sequences of sounds such as a tune or a Rhyme
Visual Memory Code
Coded information such as pictures and images
Semantic Memory Code
Information stored in words and concepts and contextual associations
Recall after 2 hours
Structural/Shallow processing - 20%
Phonemic/Middle processing - 42%
Semantic/Deep processing - 82%
Elements of Memory Storage
Working Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
Episodic Memory
Events that have happened to me
Semantic Memory
General Knowledge of what things are, facts, history etc
Things we are not involved in
Procedural Memory
How to do things, i.e. ride a bike, cook a meal, drive a car
Basal Ganglia
- Used in Procedural Memory
- We perform an action over and over again like practicing sport or music
Declarative Memory
The things we know, can remember and declare. “I know the answer. I was first”
Multi Store Model Memory System - Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
- Memory is an information processing system
- The mind is like a computer
- Memory has 3 stores
- Sensory Register: Input comes in and we receive with our senses
- STM: Through Rehearsal, using and repeating memory we direct it to LTM
- LTM: we take memory from long term to Short term to recall it. and then repeat rehearsal
- Interuption or lack of use can lead to information loss in each stage
Challenge to Atkinson & Shriffrin (1968)
- Short term memory is not as simple as discussed in the Multi Store Model
- working memory is very relevant to Short term memory
- Sensory registers are modality specific,ie auditory, visual etc
Iconic Memory
records visual information
disappears in 1-2secs
Echoic Memory
Records Auditory information to the sensory register
lasts about 4 secs
Short Term Memory
- holds small amount of information (7+/-2)
- can be increased if chunking
- Rehearshal is necessary to encode memory in STM
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating something over and over to remember in
Elaborative Rehearsal
Applying knowledge and thinking about how this input is important supports encoding memory to STM & LTM
Chunking
- Increases the amount of information held in STM
- Grouping information into chunks to increase the amount of information that can be stored
Working memory has two components . . .
- Maintenance, holding and storing information
- Manipulation, using memory and working with information
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Memory Model (1968)
- Questions why people can do a visual task and a verbal task at the same time
- Questions why people have dificulties doing two verbal or two visual taks at the same time
- STM may really be two separate components that work together
Cross-Modal multi tasking
Doing a verbal and a Visual task at the same time
- Using two modalities at the same time
Within-Modality Multi Tasking
- Doing two verbal and two visual tasks at the same time
