Week 9 Lecture Flashcards
cognitive Psychology is . . .
Processes involved in acquiring, storing and using information
Consolidation
- Hippocampus is important for consolidation of memories
- Stabilises memory after it is initially acquired.
- is part of encoding and storage of memory function
Auditory Memory Code
Sequences of sounds such as a tune or a Rhyme
Visual Memory Code
Coded information such as pictures and images
Semantic Memory Code
Information stored in words and concepts and contextual associations
Recall after 2 hours
Structural/Shallow processing - 20%
Phonemic/Middle processing - 42%
Semantic/Deep processing - 82%
Elements of Memory Storage
Working Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory
Episodic Memory
Events that have happened to me
Semantic Memory
General Knowledge of what things are, facts, history etc
Things we are not involved in
Procedural Memory
How to do things, i.e. ride a bike, cook a meal, drive a car
Basal Ganglia
- Used in Procedural Memory
- We perform an action over and over again like practicing sport or music
Declarative Memory
The things we know, can remember and declare. “I know the answer. I was first”
Multi Store Model Memory System - Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
- Memory is an information processing system
- The mind is like a computer
- Memory has 3 stores
- Sensory Register: Input comes in and we receive with our senses
- STM: Through Rehearsal, using and repeating memory we direct it to LTM
- LTM: we take memory from long term to Short term to recall it. and then repeat rehearsal
- Interuption or lack of use can lead to information loss in each stage
Challenge to Atkinson & Shriffrin (1968)
- Short term memory is not as simple as discussed in the Multi Store Model
- working memory is very relevant to Short term memory
- Sensory registers are modality specific,ie auditory, visual etc
Iconic Memory
records visual information
disappears in 1-2secs
Echoic Memory
Records Auditory information to the sensory register
lasts about 4 secs
Short Term Memory
- holds small amount of information (7+/-2)
- can be increased if chunking
- Rehearshal is necessary to encode memory in STM
Maintenance rehearsal
Repeating something over and over to remember in
Elaborative Rehearsal
Applying knowledge and thinking about how this input is important supports encoding memory to STM & LTM
Chunking
- Increases the amount of information held in STM
- Grouping information into chunks to increase the amount of information that can be stored
Working memory has two components . . .
- Maintenance, holding and storing information
- Manipulation, using memory and working with information
Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Memory Model (1968)
- Questions why people can do a visual task and a verbal task at the same time
- Questions why people have dificulties doing two verbal or two visual taks at the same time
- STM may really be two separate components that work together
Cross-Modal multi tasking
Doing a verbal and a Visual task at the same time
- Using two modalities at the same time
Within-Modality Multi Tasking
- Doing two verbal and two visual tasks at the same time
Baddely’s Central Executive Model
- Working Memory
- Short Term Memory
- Phonological Loop
- Episodic Buffer
- Visuospatial Sketch Pad
Working Memory is Similar to Short Term Memory
- Can manipulate Information
- can be used to plan and manipulate behaviour.
Phonoligical Loop
Holds information about Speech
Visuospatial Sketch Pad
Spatial and Visual Encoding
Episodic Buffer
- Temporary Storage System
- Can hold and integrate inputs from Phonological loop and Visuospatial Sketch Pad
Explicit LTM
- Are Declarative
- Episodic
- Semantic
- General Knowledge
Implicit LTM
- Non Declarative
- Priming
- Procedural
Declarative Memory
- A subsystem of LTM
- stores facts, information and personal life events
- brought to mind verbally or visually
Episodic Memory
- subjective experience of events
- time stamped
- memory as it happens
- like an autobiography
Semantic Memory
- General knowledge of facts
- Like an encyclopedia
Memory Retrieval
- Locate information in memory and bring it to consciousness
Serial Position Effect
The tendency to remember information at the beginning of a set (primacy) or at the end of a set (recency) rather than what is in the middle
Context Effect
- Encoding Specificity
- Match the context of encoding to the context in which you have been asked to retrieve it.
State Dependent Memory
- Mood states affect memory
- we remember positive things when happy
- We remember sad things when sad.
- strongly influenced by personal experiences as they can be charged with emotion
Automaticity
Being able to recall information automatically and without effort
Misinformation effect
- Our ability to recall events can be influenced by later events
- people tend to introduce innacuracies
How is memory reconstructed
- Schema
- Misinformation
- Expertise
- Flashbulb Memories
Schema
- Affect how we remember by influencing the encoding of information
- shaping the way information is reconstructed
Distortions of memory involve
- Leveling: Simplifying of a story
- Sharpening: The overemphasis of certain details
- Assimilating: changing details to better fit our own knowledge
Decay Theory
- Memory can fade without neural action to keep it from weakening
- Neuro/Biological Theory
Interference Theory
- Conflict between new and old information
- Proactive: Old information interferes with new
- Retroactive: New information interferes with old
Motivated Forgetting
- It may be too difficult or painful to remember so we forget to avoid pain
- Repressed Memories
- Denial
- Not encoding things that are difficult
What is Consolidation
- Neurons in Hippocampus forms new memories
- Use Glutamate and Acetylcholine to consolidate memories
Cerebellum and Memory
Essential for:
- Procedural Memory
- Those acquired through Repetition and classical conditioning’
- LInked to Basal Ganglia
Cerebral Cortex
- Sensory Memories
- Associations between sensations
