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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Week 9 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 9 Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive Psychology is . . .

A

Processes involved in acquiring, storing and using information

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2
Q

Consolidation

A
  • Hippocampus is important for consolidation of memories
  • Stabilises memory after it is initially acquired.
  • is part of encoding and storage of memory function
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3
Q

Auditory Memory Code

A

Sequences of sounds such as a tune or a Rhyme

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4
Q

Visual Memory Code

A

Coded information such as pictures and images

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5
Q

Semantic Memory Code

A

Information stored in words and concepts and contextual associations

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6
Q

Recall after 2 hours

A

Structural/Shallow processing - 20%
Phonemic/Middle processing - 42%
Semantic/Deep processing - 82%

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7
Q

Elements of Memory Storage

A

Working Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Sensory Memory

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8
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Events that have happened to me

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9
Q

Semantic Memory

A

General Knowledge of what things are, facts, history etc

Things we are not involved in

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10
Q

Procedural Memory

A

How to do things, i.e. ride a bike, cook a meal, drive a car

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11
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Used in Procedural Memory

- We perform an action over and over again like practicing sport or music

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12
Q

Declarative Memory

A

The things we know, can remember and declare. “I know the answer. I was first”

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13
Q

Multi Store Model Memory System - Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

A
  • Memory is an information processing system
  • The mind is like a computer
  • Memory has 3 stores
  • Sensory Register: Input comes in and we receive with our senses
  • STM: Through Rehearsal, using and repeating memory we direct it to LTM
  • LTM: we take memory from long term to Short term to recall it. and then repeat rehearsal
  • Interuption or lack of use can lead to information loss in each stage
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14
Q

Challenge to Atkinson & Shriffrin (1968)

A
  • Short term memory is not as simple as discussed in the Multi Store Model
  • working memory is very relevant to Short term memory
  • Sensory registers are modality specific,ie auditory, visual etc
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15
Q

Iconic Memory

A

records visual information

disappears in 1-2secs

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16
Q

Echoic Memory

A

Records Auditory information to the sensory register

lasts about 4 secs

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17
Q

Short Term Memory

A
  • holds small amount of information (7+/-2)
  • can be increased if chunking
  • Rehearshal is necessary to encode memory in STM
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18
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repeating something over and over to remember in

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19
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Applying knowledge and thinking about how this input is important supports encoding memory to STM & LTM

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20
Q

Chunking

A
  • Increases the amount of information held in STM

- Grouping information into chunks to increase the amount of information that can be stored

21
Q

Working memory has two components . . .

A
  • Maintenance, holding and storing information

- Manipulation, using memory and working with information

22
Q

Atkinson & Shiffrin’s Memory Model (1968)

A
  • Questions why people can do a visual task and a verbal task at the same time
  • Questions why people have dificulties doing two verbal or two visual taks at the same time
  • STM may really be two separate components that work together
23
Q

Cross-Modal multi tasking

A

Doing a verbal and a Visual task at the same time

- Using two modalities at the same time

24
Q

Within-Modality Multi Tasking

A
  • Doing two verbal and two visual tasks at the same time
25
Q

Baddely’s Central Executive Model

A
  • Working Memory
  • Short Term Memory
  • Phonological Loop
  • Episodic Buffer
  • Visuospatial Sketch Pad
26
Q

Working Memory is Similar to Short Term Memory

A
  • Can manipulate Information

- can be used to plan and manipulate behaviour.

27
Q

Phonoligical Loop

A

Holds information about Speech

28
Q

Visuospatial Sketch Pad

A

Spatial and Visual Encoding

29
Q

Episodic Buffer

A
  • Temporary Storage System

- Can hold and integrate inputs from Phonological loop and Visuospatial Sketch Pad

30
Q

Explicit LTM

A
  • Are Declarative
  • Episodic
  • Semantic
  • General Knowledge
31
Q

Implicit LTM

A
  • Non Declarative
  • Priming
  • Procedural
32
Q

Declarative Memory

A
  • A subsystem of LTM
  • stores facts, information and personal life events
  • brought to mind verbally or visually
33
Q

Episodic Memory

A
  • subjective experience of events
  • time stamped
  • memory as it happens
  • like an autobiography
34
Q

Semantic Memory

A
  • General knowledge of facts

- Like an encyclopedia

35
Q

Memory Retrieval

A
  • Locate information in memory and bring it to consciousness
36
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The tendency to remember information at the beginning of a set (primacy) or at the end of a set (recency) rather than what is in the middle

37
Q

Context Effect

A
  • Encoding Specificity

- Match the context of encoding to the context in which you have been asked to retrieve it.

38
Q

State Dependent Memory

A
  • Mood states affect memory
  • we remember positive things when happy
  • We remember sad things when sad.
  • strongly influenced by personal experiences as they can be charged with emotion
39
Q

Automaticity

A

Being able to recall information automatically and without effort

40
Q

Misinformation effect

A
  • Our ability to recall events can be influenced by later events
  • people tend to introduce innacuracies
41
Q

How is memory reconstructed

A
  • Schema
  • Misinformation
  • Expertise
  • Flashbulb Memories
42
Q

Schema

A
  • Affect how we remember by influencing the encoding of information
  • shaping the way information is reconstructed
43
Q

Distortions of memory involve

A
  • Leveling: Simplifying of a story
  • Sharpening: The overemphasis of certain details
  • Assimilating: changing details to better fit our own knowledge
44
Q

Decay Theory

A
  • Memory can fade without neural action to keep it from weakening
  • Neuro/Biological Theory
45
Q

Interference Theory

A
  • Conflict between new and old information
      • Proactive: Old information interferes with new
      • Retroactive: New information interferes with old
46
Q

Motivated Forgetting

A
  • It may be too difficult or painful to remember so we forget to avoid pain
  • Repressed Memories
  • Denial
  • Not encoding things that are difficult
47
Q

What is Consolidation

A
  • Neurons in Hippocampus forms new memories

- Use Glutamate and Acetylcholine to consolidate memories

48
Q

Cerebellum and Memory

A

Essential for:

  • Procedural Memory
  • Those acquired through Repetition and classical conditioning’
  • LInked to Basal Ganglia
49
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A
  • Sensory Memories

- Associations between sensations

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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