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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Week 10 Notes > Flashcards

Week 10 Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cognition?

A
  • Mental processess
  • sensation
  • perception
  • concept formation
  • reasoning
  • decision making
  • problem solving
  • language
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2
Q

What is Thinking?

A
  • Mental representation and manipulation of information
  • mental images
  • words
  • Concepts
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3
Q

What is Manipulation of Information?

A

When we solve problems, make decisions, think creatively

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4
Q

Thought & Language - Lev Vygotsky

A
  • Language guides and stimulates thinking
  • Thoughts and language are separate systems to start with
  • they merge around 3 years old
  • begin to produce verbal thought (inner speech)
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5
Q

Thought & Language - Jean Piaget

A
  • Language follows from the ability to think and reflect
  • language depends on thought to develop
  • thought comes before language
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6
Q

What is language?

A
  • Communicating thoughts and feelings
  • uses a system of socially shared but arbitrary symbols
  • Written and verbal signals which have rules of grammer
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7
Q

Definition: Language

A
  • symbols that convey meaning
  • rules for combining symbols (grammer)
  • Infinite variety of messages
  • Symbolic
  • sounds and written words represent objects, actions, events and ideas
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8
Q

Language is . . .

A
  • symbolic
  • semantic
  • meaningful
  • generative
  • structured
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9
Q

The Structure of Language

A
  • Phonemes
  • Morphemes
  • Pragmatics
  • Syntax
  • Semantics
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10
Q

Phonemes

A

Smallest units of sound in a spoken language

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11
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest units of meaning in a language

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12
Q

Pragmatics

A

Patterns of intonation and social roles associated with a language

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13
Q

Syntax

A

Specifies the rules for arranging and combining words to form phrases and sentences

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14
Q

Sematics

A

Meaning derived from morphemes, words and sentences

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15
Q

Surface Structure

A

The order of words in a sentence

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16
Q

Deep Struture

A

The underlying meaning of the sentence

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17
Q

Why is understanding Speech Complicated

A
  • Letters sound different depending what follows
  • Words are not usually separated by silence
  • Sounds and verbal cues detected by bottom up processing
  • Sounds and cues understood guided top down processing
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18
Q

First Year of Language

A
  • infant vocalisation initially similar across cultures
  • usually involves all phenomes
  • by 6 months babbling starts to resemble the infants surrounding language
  • by 12 months first words are usually spoken, this is similar across cultures
  • Uses non verbal behaviour to communicate
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19
Q

Language 2nd Year

A
  • 12-18 months is the one word stage
  • Vocabulary expands dramatically in this time
  • Starts to use two word “telegraphic” sentences
  • over application of past tense rules and irregular verbs
  • Sentence expanded with adjectives
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20
Q

Telegraphic Sentences

A

A concise sentence typically containing five words or less.

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21
Q

Language 3rd Year

A
  • Begin to use auxiliary words eg: adam is going
  • Begin to ask questions using “wh” words
  • Begin to join clauses to form complex sentences
  • Acquire most grammar rules by age 5
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22
Q

Milestones in Language Development

A
  • Birth: Crying
  • 2 months: Cooing
  • 6-12 Months Babbling
  • 12 Months: One word phrases
  • 18-24 months - Two Word Phrases
  • 24-36 months - Complex Speech
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23
Q

Anatomy of Speech

A
  • Jaw
  • Oral Cavity
  • Lips
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Hard Plate
  • Soft Palate (velum)
  • Pharynx
  • Epiglotis
  • Larynx
  • Vocal Chords (Glottis)
  • Oesophogus
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
24
Q

Speech is continuous

A
  • Speech is continuous in every language
  • We do not pause between words
  • experience teaches us word boundaries
  • when we hear non native sentences we recognise there is not break between words
25
Q

Theories of Language Acquisition

A
  • Behaviourist: Skinner
  • Nativist: Chomsky
  • Interactionist: cognitive and social communication theories
26
Q

Language Acquisition Theory - Behaviourist

A
  • BF Skinner focuses on Nurture
  • Language is acquired through interacting with the environment
  • Environmental factors govern language acquisition
  • Vocalisations that are reinforced are repeated
  • Vocalisations not reinforced dissapear

Critique:

  • Trial and error learning cannot account for:
    • fast mapping/speed of language acquisition
    • generative aspect of language
    • children make mistakes ie “he goed away” This is not imitation
27
Q

Language Acquisition Thoery - Nativist

A
  • Theorist: Chomsky
  • Focuses on Nature
  • Humans have an innate capacity to learn language
28
Q

Language Acquisition Theory - Interactionist

A
  • Cognitive and Social communication theories
  • Nature and Nurture play a role in language development
29
Q

Language Acquisition Theory - Nativist

A
  • Noam Chomsky - Biological
  • Language Acquisition Device - Innate prewired mechanism for language development
  • built in universal grammar
  • Specific language impairment (SLI)
  • studies show problems acquiring language run in families : Genetic Correlation
  • humans are pre-wired for language as evidenced by Unique physiology of mouth/throaat and language brain areas

Critique:

  • Does not explain how language is produced
30
Q

Eric Lenneberg (1967)

A

Critical Period Hypothesis

  • Due to neuroplasticity, language needs to be acquired prior to puberty
31
Q

Language Acquisition Theory - Interactionist

A
  • Biological maturation and neural development
  • +
  • Cognitive Development
  • +
  • Linguistic Enforcement (instruction, reinforcement)
  • =
  • Language Development
    • Critics of Chomsky: where/what is the LAD?
    • Nature and nurture contribute to language
    • Biology and social exchanges both important
32
Q

Bilingualism

A
  • Bilingual and Monolingual language development is similar
  • Bilingual children have slower language processing and verbal fluency
  • This is dependant on how easily a child can think of words
  • Bilingual children are better at
    • attention control
    • working memory capacity
    • abstract reasoning
    • certain type os problem solving
33
Q

Linguistic Relativity - Benjamin Whorf

A
  • Language deterimines HOW we think:
    • Inuit Eskimos have many different words for snow
    • Yindiny in Aus have several terms for noise
    • Pitjantjatjara have words for 1,2,3 and use “many” to represent larger numbers
  • Whorf theorises Yindiny speakers should perceive different noise types
  • Pitjantjatjara speakers should have trouble discriminating numbers above 3
34
Q

Linguistic Relativity - Criticisms

A
  • Whorf was not entirely correct,
    • Rosch compared perception of colours by english speakers with many colour words and New Guinean Dani Tribespeople who only have two colour word. Two groups performed similarly on perceptual testing
    • Ozgen studied African languages that do have language boundary between blue and green who perceive these two colours less than english speakers
  • Language does not determine What we think it determines How we think.
35
Q

Factors influencing language comprehension

A
  • Hearing Ability
  • Language Mileston Acheivement
  • Context
  • Schema
36
Q

Schema

A

A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

37
Q

Heuristics

A

Simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions

  • Rules of thumb
  • Derived from experience
  • Used in Problem Solving
  • not always a guarantee of accuracy or usefulness
    • availability
    • representativeness
    • recogntion
38
Q

Elimination by Aspects (Tversky 1972)

A
  • Decision making approach where alternatives evaluated against criteria that have been ranked by importance
  • Features are ranked in order of perceived importance
  • All of the three options are available at any one time
  • The values of features are evaluated simultaneously across options
  • Each set of feature values is evaluated sequentially in rank order
    • Option 1 → Feature 1
    • Option 2 → Feature 1
    • Option 3 → Feature 1
39
Q

Majority of Confirming Decisions - (Gigerenzer & Goldstein 2011)

A

Alternative options are considered two at a time, by comparing each on sets of features and all features have equal value.

  • Two of the three options are available at any one
    time
  • All of the features are available
  • Features values are not considered simultaneously
40
Q

Satisficing (Simon 1997)

A
  • The decision maker has a number of options
  • only a maximum of three features of each options can be evaluated
  • do not have to look at the same feature across all options
41
Q

Availabilty Heuristic

A
  • Involves judging probability of an event by how easily examples of the event come to mind
  • leads to biased judgement
  • probability of mentally available events does not equal actual probability
42
Q

Represantative Heuristic

A
  • A thinking strategy based on how closely a new object resembles an existing prototype
43
Q

Recognition Heuristic

A

A strategy where decision making stops as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognised.

44
Q

Decision Making Moderators

A
  1. Framing
  2. Anchoring
  3. Intuition
45
Q

Framing

A

The way inforation is presented to emphasise a potential gain or a potential loss as the outcome

46
Q

Anchoring

A

Overestimating the importance of something by focusing on it to the exlusion of other relevant factors

47
Q

Intuition

A

Rapidly formed judgements base on gut feelings or instincts

48
Q

Define Problem Solving

A
  • defined as thoughts and actions required to acheive a goal that is not easily acheived
49
Q

Insight Problems

A
  • Have an ‘aha’ moment
  • May not be able to monitor progress
50
Q

Non-insight problems

A
  • methodical solving of problems
  • able to monitor progress
  • eg: algebra - x:(1/5)x+10=25
51
Q

Warmth Ratings

A
  • How close you are to solving a problem
  • did not change for insight problems until the solution was found
  • changed as the participants approached the solution for non-insight problems
52
Q

Condiitonal Reasoning

A

A form of logical reasoning based on conditional statements or conditionalpropositions having the form If, Then, Else.

53
Q

Analogical Problem Solving

A
  • Is this problem similar to a problem I have encountered before
54
Q

Obstacles to Problem Solving

A
  • Functional Fixedness
  • Mental Set
  • Confirmation Bias
55
Q

Functional Fixedness

A

Failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems

56
Q

Mental Set

A

Tendency to continue to use the same old method even though another approach might be better.

57
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to pay selective attention to information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and ignore data that contradicts them.

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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