Week 10 Notes Flashcards

Question

Theories of Language Acquisition

Answer 1

* Behaviourist: Skinner * Nativist: Chomsky * Interactionist: cognitive and social communication theories

Answer 2

* BF Skinner focuses on Nurture * Language is acquired through interacting with the environment * Environmental factors govern language acquisition * Vocalisations that are reinforced are repeated * Vocalisations not reinforced dissapear Critique: * Trial and error learning cannot account for: * fast mapping/speed of language acquisition * generative aspect of language * children make mistakes ie "he goed away" This is not imitation

Answer 3

* Theorist: Chomsky * Focuses on Nature * Humans have an innate capacity to learn language

Answer 4

* Cognitive and Social communication theories * Nature and Nurture play a role in language development

Answer 5

* Noam Chomsky - Biological * Language Acquisition Device - Innate prewired mechanism for language development * built in universal grammar * Specific language impairment (SLI) * studies show problems acquiring language run in families : Genetic Correlation * humans are pre-wired for language as evidenced by Unique physiology of mouth/throaat and language brain areas Critique: * Does not explain ***_how_*** language is produced

Answer 6

Critical Period Hypothesis * Due to neuroplasticity, language needs to be acquired ***prior to puberty***

Answer 7

* Biological maturation and neural development * + * Cognitive Development * + * Linguistic Enforcement (instruction, reinforcement) * = * Language Development * Critics of Chomsky: where/what is the LAD? * Nature and nurture contribute to language * Biology and social exchanges both important

Answer 8

* ^{Bilingual and Monolingual language development is similar} * ^{Bilingual children have slower language processing and verbal fluency} * ^{This is dependant on how easily a child can think of words} * ^{Bilingual children are better at} * ^{attention control} * ^{working memory capacity} * ^{abstract reasoning} * ^{certain type os problem solving}

Answer 9

* Language deterimines ***HOW*** we think: * Inuit Eskimos have many different words for snow * Yindiny in Aus have several terms for noise * Pitjantjatjara have words for 1,2,3 and use "many" to represent larger numbers * Whorf theorises Yindiny speakers should perceive different noise types * Pitjantjatjara speakers should have trouble discriminating numbers above 3

Answer 10

* Whorf was not entirely correct, * Rosch compared perception of colours by english speakers with many colour words and New Guinean Dani Tribespeople who only have two colour word. Two groups performed similarly on perceptual testing * Ozgen studied African languages that do have language boundary between blue and green who perceive these two colours less than english speakers * Language does not determine What we think it determines How we think.

Answer 11

* Hearing Ability * Language Mileston Acheivement * Context * Schema

Answer 12

A pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them.

Answer 13

Simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions * Rules of thumb * Derived from experience * Used in Problem Solving * not always a guarantee of accuracy or usefulness * availability * representativeness * recogntion

Answer 14

* Decision making approach where alternatives evaluated against criteria that have been ranked by importance * Features are ranked in order of perceived importance * All of the three options are available at any one time * The values of features are evaluated simultaneously across options * Each set of feature values is evaluated sequentially in rank order * Option 1 → Feature 1 * Option 2 → Feature 1 * Option 3 → Feature 1

Answer 15

Alternative options are considered two at a time, by comparing each on sets of features and all features have equal value. * Two of the three options are available at any one time * All of the features are available * Features values are not considered simultaneously

Answer 16

* The decision maker has a number of options * only a maximum of three features of each options can be evaluated * do not have to look at the same feature across all options

Answer 17

* Involves judging probability of an event by how easily examples of the event come to mind * leads to biased judgement * probability of mentally available events does not equal actual probability

Answer 18

* A thinking strategy based on how closely a new object resembles an existing prototype

Answer 19

A strategy where decision making stops as soon as a factor that moves one toward a decision has been recognised.

Answer 20

1. Framing 2. Anchoring 3. Intuition

Answer 21

The way inforation is presented to emphasise a potential gain or a potential loss as the outcome

Answer 22

Overestimating the importance of something by focusing on it to the exlusion of other relevant factors

Answer 23

Rapidly formed judgements base on gut feelings or instincts

Answer 24

* defined as thoughts and actions required to acheive a goal that is not easily acheived

Answer 25

* Have an 'aha' moment * May not be able to monitor progress

Answer 26

* methodical solving of problems * able to monitor progress * eg: algebra - x:(1/5)x+10=25

Answer 27

* How close you are to solving a problem * did not change for insight problems until the solution was found * changed as the participants approached the solution for non-insight problems

Answer 28

A form of logical reasoning based on conditional statements or conditionalpropositions having the form If, Then, Else.

Answer 29

* Is this problem similar to a problem I have encountered before

Answer 30

* Functional Fixedness * Mental Set * Confirmation Bias

Answer 31

Failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems

Answer 32

Tendency to continue to use the same old method even though another approach might be better.

Answer 33

The tendency to pay selective attention to information that confirms pre-existing beliefs and ignore data that contradicts them.