Chapter 5

Question 1

Nature of Consciousness

Answer 1

1. Awareness of external events
2. Awareness of internal sensations
3. Awareness of self
4. Awareness of thoughts and experiences
   Essentially it is personal awareness

Question 2

Consciousness and Brain Activity

Answer 2

Consciousness is not found in a particluar area of the brain.
- the result of activity in a range of networks and neural pathways.

Question 3

What is consciousness?

Answer 3

The awareness of internal and external stimuli

Question 4

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Answer 4

• responds to light in retina
• sends messages to Pineal gland
• pineal gland then secretes melatonin

Question 5

EEG Pattern - Beta

Answer 5

• 13-24 cps

- Normal waking thought, alert problem solving

Question 6

EEG Pattern - Alpha

Answer 6

• 8-12 cps

- Deep relaxation, blank mind, meditation

Question 7

EEG Pattern - Theta

Answer 7

• 4-7 cps

- Light sleep

Question 8

EEG Pattern - Delta

Answer 8

• less than 4 cps

- deep sleep

Question 9

Three Theories of Dreaming

Answer 9

Freud - Wish fulfilment in dreams
Cartwright - Problem Solving Function
Hobson - By product of periodic neural activation

Question 10

Wish Fulfillment in dreams - Sigmund Freud

Answer 10

• Freud’s Dream Theory
• People dream about problems they have had through the day and dream a resolution so they can feel better
• The unconscious suppresses and censors our feelings to protect us which causes strange dreams
• many cultures still believe that dreams contain messages that can be interpreted.

Question 11

Problem Solving Function in dreams - Rosalind Cartwright

Answer 11

• Dreams provide an opportunity to resolve our emotional problems
• Dreams allow us to be creative and not restricted by logic
• REM Studies show that REM Sleep helps to consolidate learning

Question 12

Activation/Synthesis Model - J. Allan Hobson

Answer 12

• Dreams are a by product of electrical activity in the sub cortical area of the brain.
• Dreams are side effects of Neural Activation during sleep
• Activation in the lower brain centres especially the Pons
• Down plays emotional factors

Question 13

Structural Encoding

Answer 13

focuses on what words look like

Question 14

Mnemonic Encoding

Answer 14

the brain can optimise memory by using first letters to remember a list
eg: My Very Early Mother Just Sat Up Near Pluto

Question 15

Phonemic Encoding

Answer 15

focuses on how words sound ie whether they rhyme, onomatopoeia

Question 16

Semantic Encoding

Answer 16

focuses on the meaning of words.

Question 17

Reterograde Amnesia

Answer 17

• memory for events that occured before the event are lost

Question 18

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 18

• Memory for events after the event are lost

- no new memories can occur

Question 19

Difference between Retroactive and Proactive Amnesia

Answer 19

• Retro is in the Past
• Proactive is change for the future
  Retroactive amnesia - unable to recall memories prior to the amnesia
  Proactive amnesia - unable to produce new memories after the amnesia

Question 20

Noam Chomsky

Answer 20

• Nativist approach to language acquisition
• language is infinite and it is impossible for children to learn them all by imititation only
• children often make grammatical errors that they have clearly not imitated
• humans have a Native ability to learn language acquisition
• we learn the rules of language and not

Question 21

BF Skinner

Answer 21

• Behaviourist Approach to language acquisition
• children learn language like all other behaviour
• imitation, reinforcement and environment

Question 22

What is the difference between:

• Standardisation
• Reliability
• Validity

Answer 22

Standardisation - Objectivity of how tests are administered and scored
Reliability - refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test.
Validity - a test’s ability to measure what it is supposed to measure.