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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define analgesia

A

Absence of pain

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2
Q

Define hypoalgesia

A

Diminished sensitivity to pain

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3
Q

Exercise induced hypoalgesia

A
  • induced with aerobic,
  • resistance and isometric exercise
  • Cold, heat, and pressure pain methods
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4
Q

Dorsal view of the brain

A

looking down at the brain from above

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5
Q

Lateral view of the brain

A

looking at the brain from the side.

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6
Q

Ventral view of the brain

A

looking at the brain as if from underneath

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7
Q

Rostral view of the brain

A

looking at the brain as if from in front

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8
Q

Brain stem

A
  • connects the brain to the body
  • sustains basic life functions
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9
Q

The Cerebrum

A
  • Seat of complex thought
  • responsible for complex mental activities such as learning, remembering, thinking and consciousness
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10
Q

The Cerebral Cortex

A

The convoluted area outside edge of the brain

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11
Q

The Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • the cerebrum is divided into right and left halves called hemispheres
  • each hemisphere contains four lobes
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12
Q

The Corpus Callosum

A

a broad band of nerve fibres joining the two hemispheres of the brain.

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13
Q

The four lobes of the Cerebrum

A
  • Frontal Lobe
  • Parietal Lobe
  • Occipital Lobe
  • Temporal Lobe
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14
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Includes the primary visual cortex-the cortical area where most visual signals are sent and processed

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Includes the primary somatosensory cortex-the area that registers the sense of touch

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16
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Includes the primary auditory cortex-the cortical area devoted to auditory processing

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Includes the primary motor cortex-the area devoted to the control of various muscles and limbs
  • Includes the pre frontal cortex-area responsible for higher order cognitions such as working memory, reasoning and decision making
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18
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • responsible for motor control, attention and language
  • Critical to coordinate movement, equilibrium and balance.
  • Damage here damages fine motor skills like writing or typing
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19
Q

Medulla

A
  • Attaches spinal cord
  • manages the unconscious and instinct driven responses
  • breathing, maintaining muscle tone and regulating circulation
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20
Q

Pons

A
  • Regulate sleep and arousal
  • Above Brain Stem
  • In Front of Cerebellum
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21
Q

Midbrain

A
  • Controls sensory processes like spatial awareness
  • controls sleep/wake cycle
  • Makes dopamine releasing axons
  • Dopamine regulates voluntary movements
  • damage here is related to Parkinson’s Disease
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22
Q

Forebrain

A

largest part of the brain and is the most complex

  • thalamus
  • Cerebrum
  • Limbic system
  • hypothalamus
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23
Q

The Forebrain – Thalamus

A
  • Relay centre of the cortex
  • distributes incoming stimulus (not smell)
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24
Q

The Forebrain – Cerebrum

A

Complex mental activities, senses, learning, thinking and planning

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25
Q

The Forebrain - Limbic System

A

Loosely connected network and contributes to emotion, memory and motivation

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26
Q

The Forebrain – Hypothalamus

A
  • Regulates basic biological needs
  • Four F’s Fight, Flight, Feed, Mating
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27
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A
  • Lies within the skull and spinal column
  • Is the command centre of the CNS
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28
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • Controls nerves outside the brain and spine
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
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29
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • Controls nerves outside the brain and spine
  • Somatic Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
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30
Q

Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

A
  • Connection of nerves to voluntary muscles and sensory organisms
  • Afferent Pathways (towards the CNS; sensory)
  • Efferent Pathways (away from the CNS; motor)
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31
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

Nerves to heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, glands

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32
Q

Neuron Anatomy

A
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Cell Body
  • Neural impulse
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Terminal branches of axon
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33
Q

Terminal branches of axon

A

Form junctions with other cells

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34
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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35
Q

Neural impulse

A

electrical signal travelling down the axon

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36
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles or glands

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37
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives messages from other cells

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38
Q

Cell Body

A

The Cell’s life support centre

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39
Q

Electrical communication within a cell

A
  • small but measurable electrical impulse present everytime you move or have a thought
  • Direction of potential travels from cell to terminal button
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40
Q

Action Potential

A
  • Converts chemical energy to electrical energy and carries this down the nerve
  • make this decision by combining inputs that arrive at each dendrite
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41
Q

Excitatory Input

A

information entering a neuron that gives it the signal to respond and fire

42
Q

Inhibitory input

A

Information entering a neuron that tells it not to respond or fire

43
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Chemicals released by one cell that binds to the receptors on another cell
  • Tell the next cell to fire or not to fire its own action potential
44
Q

Receptors

A
  • Proteins on the cell membrane that receive chemical signals
  • Recognise specific NTs
45
Q

Chemical Communication - Graded Potentials

A
  • Signals have different strengths
  • Signals come from communication between synapses from the number of neurotransmitters present in the synaptic cleft.
46
Q

Major Neurotransmitters

A
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
  • acetylcholine
  • norepinephrine
  • GABA
  • Glutamate
47
Q

Function of Serotonin

A

Affects mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, appetite.

48
Q

Function of Dopamine

A

Affect learning, attention, movement, reinforcement, pleasure

49
Q

Function of Acetylcholine

A

Affects movement, learning, memory, REM Sleep

50
Q

Function of Norepinephrine

A

Affects eating, alertness, wakefulness

51
Q

Function of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

Facilitates neural inhibition in the CNS

52
Q

Function of Glutamate

A

Active in areas of the brain involved in learning, thought and emotion

53
Q

Neurotransmitter associated disorders - Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

54
Q

Neurotransmitter associated disorders - Dopamine

A
  • Parkinson’s Disease
  • Schizophrenic Disorders
  • Addictive Disorders
55
Q

Neurotransmitter associated disorders - Glutamate

A

Schizophrenia

56
Q

Neurotransmitter associated disorders - Norepinephrine

A

Depressive Disorders

57
Q

Neurotransmitter associated disorders - GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

Anxiety Disorders

58
Q

Neurotransmitter associated disorders - Seratonin

A
  • Depressive Disorders
  • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
  • Eating Disorders
59
Q

Endorphins

A
  • Inhibition or blocking of pain
  • Regulation of pleasurable sensations.
60
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Monitors the electrical activity of the brain over time by means of recording electrodes attached to the surface of the scalp

61
Q

Lesioning

A
  • Destroys a small peice of the brain
  • Inserts an electrode into the brain, then passing a high-frequency electric current through it.
  • Looks at the difference in behaviour before and after the brain damage to determine how the brain works.
62
Q

Electrical Stimulation of Brain (ESB)

A

Sends a weak current into the brain to stimulate it.

63
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A
  • Temporarily enhances or depresses activity in a specific area of the brain
  • Pulsed magnetic field 2cm
  • Strong results for treatment of addiction, depression and autism
64
Q

Dual Process Model

A
  • Behavior is the dynamic result of combining Automatic and Controlling processes
  • Compulsive Behaviour affects affects Biology and Biology is linked to Compulsive Behaviour
65
Q

Propreoception

A

awareness of where our body is in space

66
Q

Gyrus or Gyri

A

A ridge or fold between two clefts on the cerebral surface in the brain.

67
Q

Sulcus or sulci

A

a groove or furrow, especially one on the surface of the brain

68
Q

Sensory Integration

A
  • The process by which we receive information through our senses
  • Organises this information
  • Use information to take action

eg: See a car, hear high revving engine, stop at the kerb and allow the car to pass.

69
Q

Contralateral projections

A

When sensory info (other than smell) is detected, the message is received on one side and projected to the other side of the body (touch in the left hand is processed in the right hemisphere); this is an example of CONTRALATERAL projections

70
Q

Ipsilateral projections

A

When odours are detected, the message is received on one side and remains on that side of the body (smells in the left nostril are processed in the left hemisphere); this is an example of IPSILATERALprojections.

71
Q

Cells in the nervous system

A
  • The nervous system is tissue that is composed of cells
  • Nerve cells firing provied the basis for process - Two major types of nervous system cells . Glia . Neurons
72
Q

Glia

A
  • Glia means glue
  • They are smaller and more numerous than neurons
  • About 50% of the brain volume
  • Support and insulate neurons
  • Supply them with nutrients
  • Remove waste material
  • send &
  • Receive chemical signals
  • Play a role in many disorders
73
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A
  • Provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system
  • Provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system
  • Assist in creating the myelin sheath
74
Q

Myelnation

A

Enhances the speed of chemical communication

75
Q

Three types of Neurons

A
  • Efferent - Motor
  • Afferent - Sensory
  • Internuerons
76
Q

Interneurons

A

carry information between neurons in the brain and neurons in the spinal cord

77
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive inputs from other cells

78
Q

Soma

A

Contains the Nucleus - “Brains of the operation”

79
Q

Axon

A

Transmits information to the other neurons

80
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Facilitates transmission of information to other neurons - Covers the axon

81
Q

Terminal buttons

A
  • At the end of an axon
  • Sends information to adjacent cells
82
Q

Synapses

A

The point of connection between neurons

83
Q

Neural Impulse

A

Electrical signal travelling down the axon

84
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  • The chemical released by Terminal Buttons
  • Sends messages that activate or inhibit to the next cells
85
Q

Action Potential

A

Converts chemical energy to electrical energy and carries this information down the nerve.

A higher rate of action potential indicates a more intense sensation

86
Q

Resting Potential

A
  • When a neuron isn’t firing
  • -70 millivolts
  • Is polarised
87
Q

Threshold to move from resting to action potential

A
  • Need to move from -70 to -55 Millivolts
  • When this happens it causes the axon to fire
88
Q

The 6 Steps of Action Potential

A
  1. Threshold of excitation is reached, sodium channels open
  2. As voltage becomes more positive, potassium channels open
  3. At the peak of Action Potential +40 sodium channels become refractory and close
  4. Potassium still leaving a cell starts to polarise the membrane potential again
  5. Potassium channels close as potential becomes more negative
  6. Extra potassium outside diffuses away, sodium potassium pump restores resting potential.
89
Q

Absolute Refractory Period

A

Relative to the amount of potassium in the axon - no action potential can happen during this period

90
Q

Relative Refractory Period

A

The period when sodium gates have closed and voltage moves up to -70 millivolts

91
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

Chemical communication between cells usually from dendrites to receptors

92
Q

How does Synaptic Transmission happen?

A
  1. Neurotransmitters stored in vesicles in pre-synaptic membrane
  2. When synapse is activated, vesicles fuse with pre-synaptic membrane
  3. NT defuses across synaptic cleft
  4. Is recognised by receptors on post synaptic membrane
93
Q

How does Synaptic Transmission happen?

A
  1. Neurotransmitters stored in vesicles in pre-synaptic membrane
  2. When synapse is activated, vesicles fuse with pre-synaptic membrane
  3. NT defuses across synaptic cleft
  4. Is recognised by receptors on post synaptic membrane
94
Q

Midsaggital view of the brain

A

shows the three major parts of the brain,

  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brain stem.

As though the brain is dissected through the corpus callosum

95
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Receives sensory information like touch, pressure, temperature, pain and spatial attention

96
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • Critical to initiate and co-ordinate motor movements.
  • Dfferent parts of this cortex control different parts of the body
97
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Plays a role in “higher order” thinking, executive function, planning and reasoning.
  • Also involved with personality and emotion and social behaviours
98
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

Processes auditory information and is part of the auditory system, performing basic and higher functions in hearing, such as language switching.

99
Q

Primary visual cortex

A

The primary visual cortex is the part of the neocortex that receives visual input from the retina.

100
Q

Hindbrain

A

The lower part of the brainstem comprising of the:

  • Cerebellum
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata.

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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