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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

The process where the senses pick up visual, auditory and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain

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2
Q

Perception

A

The process where the brain actively organises and interprets sensory information

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3
Q

Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception

A
  1. There is not one-to-one correspondence between physical and psychological reality
  2. Sensation and Perception are active Processes
  3. Sensation and Perception are adaptive and support survival and reproduction
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4
Q

Sensation and Perception: Top Down and Bottom Up Processing

A

Top Down: driven by context and interpretation

Bottom up: Driven by the properties of the stimulus

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5
Q

Sensory Systems: Photic

A

Modality: Vision

Stimuli: Light

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6
Q

Sensory Systems: Mechanical – Hearing

A

Modality: Hearing

Stimuli: Vibration

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7
Q

Sensory Systems: Mechanical - Touch

A

Modality: Touch

Stimuli: Contact

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8
Q

Sensory Systems: Chemical - Smell

A

Modality: Smell

Stimuli: Substance in mucus in nasal cavity

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9
Q

Sensory Systems: Chemical – Taste

A

Modality: Taste

Stimuli: Substances in saliva on tongue

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10
Q

Sensory Systems: Other

A
  • Thermal
  • Joint
  • Muscle
  • Vestibular (Inner Ear & Balance)
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11
Q

What is Light?

A

Light is electromagnetic radiation in a combination of waves

  • amplitude (brightness)
  • Wavelength (colour & hue)
  • Purity (saturation)
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12
Q

What are the eyes two main purposes?

A
  • Provide housing for neural tissue that receives light
  • Channelling light towards the sensory receptors in retina – Rods and Cones
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13
Q

Eye Structure:

A
  • Cornea – light rays enter here
  • Pupil: opening just behind cornea
  • Iris: gives eye colour, assist pupil to adjust to amount of light
  • Lens: behind pupil, focuse light rays on to retina
  • Retina: back of the eye where images are focused and processed, sends visual information to brain
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14
Q

Photoreceptors

A
  • Found in the Retina
  • there are millions of receptor cells that are sensitive to light
  • Innermost layer of the receptors
  • Two types of receptors: Rods and Cones
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15
Q

Receptor Cells - Cones

A
  • Detect color and fine detail - Function best in adequate light - Colour vision - Short, Medium & Long - Daytime vision - Have poor response to dim light - Better visual acuity - Fovea: only cones
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16
Q

Receptor Cells – Rods

A
  • Extremely sensitive - Enable vision in dim light - Movement - Outnumber Cones - Night vision - Peripheral vision - Outside of fovea
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17
Q

Fovea

A
  • A tiny pit located in the macula of the retina and provides the clearest vision of all
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18
Q

What is colour vision?

A
  • Colour is a psychological interpretation not a property of light
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19
Q

Two theories of colour vision

A
  • Trichromatic
  • Opponent processes
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20
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A
  • Young and later Helmholtz - Specialised receptors sensitive to wavelengths associated with red, green, blue - Eye does its own colour mixing by varying these wavelengths
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21
Q

What is colour blind Dichromacy?

A

Most colour blind people can see two types of colour receptors

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22
Q

What is Monochromacy?

A

Inability to distinguish any colours and perceive only variations in brightness

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23
Q

Protanopia

A
  • 1% of males lack the long wavelength cones - Brightness of red, orange and yellow are reduced
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24
Q

Dueteranopia

A
  • 1% of males - Lacking in medium-wavelength cones
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25
Q

Tritanopia

A
  • Less than 1% of males and females - Lacking in short-wavelength cones - Colours like blue indigo and violet as greenish and drastically dimmed. - Some colours even perceived as black
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26
Q

Trichromacy

A

Three types of cones within the Retina

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27
Q

Pigment Epithelium

A

a layer of pigmented cells in the retina of the eye, overlying the choroid.

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28
Q

Opponent Processes Theory

A

Colour Perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responeses to three pairs of colours

  • Complementary Colours; that produce gray tones when mixed together
  • Afterimage; a visual image that persists after the stimulus is removed
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29
Q
  • Complementary Colours that produce gray tones when mixed together
  • Afterimage - an image that persists after a stimulus is removed
A

Opponent Process Theory

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30
Q

Receptor Stage

Neural Stage

A

Model for normal human colour vision

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31
Q

Visual Pathways to the Brain

A
  • Axons leaving back of each eye form the optic nerves
  • Axons travel to the Optic Chiasm
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32
Q

Optic Chiasm

A
  • The point where the axons from the eye cross over and become contralateral
  • Signal from the left optic nerve are now trasmitted to the right hemisphere
  • also allows signals from both eyes to go to both hemispheres of the brain
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33
Q

Information processing in the Visual Cortex

A
  • Visual input ultametely arrives at primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
  • cells in Visual Cortex are highly specialised
  • Are Feature detectors - neurons that respond selectively to very specific complex stimuli
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34
Q

What is Light

A
  • Electromagnetic Radiation
  • Wavelength
  • Amplitude
  • Purity
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35
Q

Describe Eyesight

A
  • Retina consists of photoreceptors
  • information to visual system via optic nerve
  • long wave = red
  • medium wave = green
  • short wave = blue
36
Q

Colour Theories

A
  • Trichromatic Theory = mixing of red green and blue
  • Opponent Processes = anatgonistic colour pairs
  • both contribute at different stages
37
Q

What and Where pathways

A
  • Ventral stream: What (form and colour)
  • Dorsal stream: where (motion and depth)
38
Q

Perceiving form: Hubel and Wiesel

A

Cells, and columns of cells, within the visual system detect specific particular orientations

  • Builds up to detection of specific shapes
  • From shapes we can detect objects

after this the options for detection become endless

39
Q

Sensation and Perception are not always neat

A

The diret senstion of the world does not always match up with our perception of it.

  • Visual Illusions
  • Blue/ Black vs Gold/White Dress
40
Q

What things influence visual perception?

A
  • Reversible figure
  • Perceptual Set
  • Inattentional Blindness
41
Q

Reversible figure

A

A drawing that is compatible with two differnt interpretations and can shift back and forth between two images

42
Q

Perceptual Set

A

Readiness to perceive something in a particular way

43
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

The failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual disply because your attention is focused elsewhere

44
Q

What things influence visual perception?

A
  • Bottom up processing; progression from individual aspects to the whole
  • Top down processing; progression from the whole to individual elements
  • Subjective Contours (Assumptions)
45
Q

Gestalt Principles of perception

A
  • Proximity:
  • Closure
  • Similarity
  • Simplicity
  • Continuity
46
Q

Gestalt Principles:

Proximity

A

the closer the objects or events are the more likely they are to be perceived as belonging together

47
Q

Gestalt Principles - Closure

A

people tend to fill in missing contours to form a complete object

48
Q

Gestalt Principles: Similarity

A

similar elements are perceived to be part of a group

49
Q

Gestalt Principles: Simplicity

A

People group stimuli to provide the simplest interpretation of the world

50
Q

Gestalt Principles: Continuity

A

Sensations that appear to create a continuous form are perceived as belonging together

51
Q

Depth Perception

A

Interpretation of visual cues that indicte how near or far away objects are

52
Q

Binocular Cues

A
  • Binocular Depth Cues
  • Retinal Disparity
53
Q

Binocular depth cues

A

Cues about distance based on the differing views of both eyes

54
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

A cue depth perception when objects within 25 feet project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retina

the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object

55
Q

Monocular Cues

A
  • Monocular depth cues
  • Pictorial depth cues
56
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

Clues about distance based on image from either eye alone

57
Q

Pictorial Depth Cues

A

Cues about distance that can be given in a flat picture

58
Q

Monocular Cues: Interposition

A

One object blocks another

59
Q

Monocular Cues: Linear Perspective

A

Lines coverage

60
Q

Monocular Cues: Texture Gradient

A

Distant objects finer

61
Q

Monocular Cues: Shading

A

3D objects cast shadows

62
Q

Monocular Cues: Aerial Perspective

A

Far objects are fuzzy

63
Q

Monocular Cues: Familiar size

A

Familiar objects that apper small are inferred to be distant

64
Q

Monocular Cues: Relative size

A

the smaller of two objects is seen as further away

65
Q

Vibration of sound molecules

A
  • Wavelenth/Frequency: pitch
  • Amplitude: loudness
  • Purity: Timbre
66
Q

Human Hearing Capacities

A
  • Wavelengths of sound are described in terms of their frequency and measured in hertz
  • humans can only hear a portion of the available sounds
  • Both these characteristics are simmilar to light
67
Q

The Ear

A
  • Air is collected by the pinna
  • These vibrations are projected to the ear drum
  • Ear drum vibrations cause movement of the anvil, hammer & stirrup (ossicles)
  • ossicles cause the chochlear to produce fluid movement
  • Basilar membrane stimulates hair cells at auditory receptors
68
Q

Theories of Audition: Place Theory

A

Specific sound frequencies vibrate specific portions of the basiliar membrane (von Helmholtz, 1863)

69
Q

Theories of Audition: Frequency Theory

A

Specific sound frequencies vibrate the basilir membrane at different rates

70
Q

Theories of Audition: Combination Theory

A

Place Theory and Combination Theory work together to create audition

71
Q

Ascending Auditory Pathways

A
  • Ear (via chochlear)
  • to thalamus
  • to Auditory Cortex
72
Q

Perception of sound: localisation

A
  • Time and intensity difference at each ear gives us localisation
73
Q

Gustatory System:

A

The sense of Taste

Perceptions

  1. Sweet
  2. Sour
  3. Bitter
  4. Salty
  5. Umami
74
Q

How is taste adaptive?

A

Salt = NaCl: Na deficiency which can lead to death

Sour = acidic: high concentrations tissue damage

Bitter = often poisonous

Sweet = essential to metabolism

75
Q

NaCl

A

Sodium Chloride

76
Q

Taste Buds

A
  • taste receptors in the mouth
  • trigger neural impulses sent to thalamus and to the cortex
  • projects on tonuge that contain taste buds
77
Q

What/Where are the receptors for smell?

A

Olfactory Receptors = olfactory cilia in your nose

350 types of olfactory receptors (taste)

78
Q

Olfactory Cilia

A

dendrites of olfactory sensory neurons

79
Q

Olfactory System is non-verbal

A
  • smell is attached to emotion and memory
  • Olfactory bulb closely connected to amygdala and hippocampus
80
Q

The Olfactory System

A
  • Nasal Passage
  • Olfactory Axons
  • Odor Receptors
  • Olfactory Bulb
81
Q

Flavour Perception

A
  • Gustation + Olfaction
  • Taste + Smell
82
Q

What kind of energy do touch sensors in the skin respond to?

A
  • Pressure
  • Temperature
  • Pain
83
Q

What type of stimuli does touch respond to

A
  • Mechanical
  • Thermal
  • Chemical-
84
Q

Pain Perception

A

Pain perception changes with:

  • Time
  • Cognition/emotion cells in the spinal cord allow sensory information but block pain from transmission to the brain
  • beleifs/attitudes
  • mood/emotion
85
Q

Endorphons and pain perception

A
  • Endorphins natural morphine-like pain killers
  • descending neural pathway mediates pain
86
Q

Pain Therapy

A

The four elements of pain treatment

  • Drugs that create a bottleneck at the”gate”
  • Injection therapies such as nerve blocks and epidurals
  • physical therapy and exercise
  • behavioural techniques:

– Progressive muscle relaxation

– Psychotherapy (CBT)

87
Q

Speech Perception

A

Speech perception is multimodal

  • Auditory
  • Visual
  • Percept

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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