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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Identify different parts of a Neuron

A
  • dendrites
  • soma
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • terminal buttons
  • synapse
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2
Q

Identify the main functions of Glial Cells

A
  • supply nourishment to neurons
  • remove waste from neurons
  • provide insulation around axons
  • specialist glial cells help make the Myelin Sheath
  • support development of nervous system in embryos
  • may transmit signals to other glial cells
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3
Q

Describe the Neural Impulse

A
  • a complex neurochemical reaction

- an electrical impulse that travels along the axon

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4
Q

Dendrites

A

branches of the neuron that receive messages from other cells.

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5
Q

Axon

A

a long fibre that transmits signals from the soma to other neurons

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6
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

insulates axons and allows information to be transmitted faster.
-stabilises axon structure

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7
Q

Synapse

A

the junction where information is moved from one neuron to the next neuron

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8
Q

Glia

A

cells found throughout the nervous system and support the neurons

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9
Q

Synapse

A
  • the junction where information is moved from one neuron to the next neuron
  • where neurons meet
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10
Q

Glia

A

cells found throughout the nervous system and support the neurons

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11
Q

ions

A

positive and negative electrically charged molecules that flow back and forth across the cell membrane.

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12
Q

Resting Potential

A

is the stable negative charge of a cell when the cell is inactive.

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13
Q

Action Potential

A

the very brief shift in a neuron’s electrical charge that travels along the axon.

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14
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

the minimum length of time after an action potential and when another action potential cannot occure

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15
Q

All or None Law

A

either a neuron fires or it doesnt. if there is not enough charge to cause the axon charge above -55 it does not fire and the neural impulse will not pass to the next axon.

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16
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

the minimum length of time after an action potential and when another action potential cannot occur

17
Q

Na+

A

Sodium

18
Q

K+

A

Potassium

19
Q

Cl-

A

Chloride

20
Q

Steps in Neural Impulse

A
  1. Polarisation of the Neuron membrane: Sodium is on the outside and potassium is on the inside
  2. Resting potential gives the neuron a break
  3. Action Potential: K+ gates open and Sodium ions move inside the membrane
  4. Repolarisation: Potassium ions move outside and sodium ions stay inside the membrane
  5. More potassium ions are on the outside that sodium ions on the inside.
  6. Refractory Period - puts everything back to normal Potassium returns inside, sodium returns outside.
21
Q

Explain how neurons communicate at chemical synapses

A
  • synthesis of NT chemicals into synaptic vesicles
  • vesicles released into synaptic cleft
  • vesicles bind to receptor sites in next neuron
  • if not passed on then they are removed or made inactive by enzymes
  • reuptake of inactive vesicles NTs absorbed by presynaptic membrane.
22
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A

a microscopic gap between the terminal button on one neuron and cell membrane of the next neuron

23
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A
  • contains neurotransmitters

- stored in the terminal buttons

24
Q

Reuptake

A
  • a process where NTs are absorbed from the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic membrane.
25
Q

Chemical - ACh

A

Neurotransmitter Acetlycholine

26
Q

Chemical - DA

A

Neurotransmitter Dopamine

27
Q

Chemical - NE

A

Neurotransmitter Norepinephrine

28
Q

Acetycholine - ACh

A
  • released by Motor Neurons
  • Controls skeletal muscles
  • contributes to attention regulation, arousal and memory
  • Some ACh receptors stiulated by nicotine
29
Q

Dopamine - DA

A
  • control of voluntary movement

- medial forebrain response characterised by “reward pathway”

30
Q

Norepinephrine - NE

A
  • modulates mood and arousal

- NE synapses stimulated by cocaine and amphetamines

31
Q

GABA

A
  • inhibitory transmitter

- contributes to regulation of anxiety and sleep/arousal

32
Q

Endorphins

A
  • similar to opiates in effect
  • play a role in pain releif
  • assists in regulating eating behaviour
33
Q

Discuss the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  • made up of nerves outside of the Central Nervous System
  • divided into the
    • Somatic Nervous System
    • The Autonomic Nervous System
34
Q

Discuss the Sonamtic Nervous System

A
  • nerves the connect to voluntary skeletal muscles
  • these nerves connect to skin, muscles, and joints
  • carry messages to and from the CNS and muscles
    • -Afferent Nerve Fibres - axons that carry incoming messages to the CNS
      • Efferent Nerve Fibres - axons that carry outgoing messages from the CNS to the periphery of the body.
35
Q

Discuss the Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • made up of nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands.
  • controls automatic functions like heart rate, digestion and perspiration.
36
Q

Dentate Gyrus

A
  • Found in the hippocampus
  • contributes to development of episodic memories
  • supports the spontaneous exploration of novel events
  • curiosity
  • studies found that neurogenesis occurs here
37
Q

Thymus

A
  • Two long glands situated vertically underneath the thyroid gland
  • vital to development of T-lymphocytes or T cells, an extremely important type of white blood cell.
38
Q

Epigenetics

A
  • the study of heritable changes in gene expression
  • these changes do not involve changes to DNA
  • Genes confer dispositions not destinies
  • genes effects can be dampened or silenced by chemical events at the cellular level; this leaves a mark.
  • epigenetic marks can be transferred on to successive generations.
39
Q

Monoamines

A

An NT that has single amine group in its molecule eg seratonin or norepinephrine

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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