Week 3 Flashcards
Who studied nature vs nurture
Sigmund Freud
John B Watson
Abraham Maslow
Language processing is . . . ?
Language processing and production is important in the consciousness and awareness of our environment
neural reorganisation
Brain Injury can lead to neural reorganisation
The occipital lobe is recruited to assist with verbal processing in some blind people
Vision is predominantly Contralateral;
that is input from the left eye is processed in the right hemisphere of the brain and vice versa
Broca’s Aphasia
- Non fluent, slow and labored speech
- Agrammatism
- Anomia - understanding meaning without being able to produce the words
- Articulation Difficulties
- Close to intact comprehension
Independent Variable
What is being compared in an experiment
The characteristic of a psychology experiment that is manipulated or changed.
Selective Attention
The ability to procces and react to changing stimuli or to process stimuli selectively if several occur simultaneously
Cognitive Bias
- An error in reasoning about other cognitive process
- Because of preconceived ideas or beleifs despite contrary information being present
Dependant Variable
What is being Measured in an experiment
In a psychology experiment, researchers are looking at how changes in the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable
Stroop Interference
What else is Oxytocin referred to as?
- The superhero hormone
- The moral molecule
- The love hormone
- The cuddle hormone
- The tend and befriend hormone
Polygentic Traits
Determined by interaction of several genes eg eye colour
Neurogenesis
The formation of new neurons
- it was previously thought our neurons stopped forming in infancy
- juggling changes visual/motor processes
- law school test prep changes areas associated with reasoning
- London taxi drivers test showed changes to the hippocampus (Woollett & Maguire, 2011)
Endocrine Glands – Pituitary
- Master Gland
- Growth Hormone
Endocrine Glands – Adrenal
Salt & Carbohydrate metabolism
Heredity Research methods
Family studies
Twin studies
Adoption studies
Dependant Variable
- a variable whose value depends upon an independent variable
- what is being measured in an experiment or evaluated in a mathematical equation
What are genes?
- Genetic DNA is located in segments on chromosomes
- Transmit basic hereditary traits
Phenotype
An individuals’ actual characteristics
Incongruent Stroop Paradigm
The word stimuli is written to name a colour and the ink used to denote the word stimuli are different
What part of the brain controls the Endocrine System?
The Hypothalamus in conjuntion with the pituitary gland
What are Chromosomes
- Rod shaped structure Found in nucleus of cells
- Contain all genes that carry genetic information to make a person
- Human cells contain 46 chromosomes Chromosomes organised in like pairs
- Ovum and Sperm contain 23 chromosomes
Stroop Interference
- The difference in time needed to name the colours of incongruent printed colour and words versus congruent words
- The average incongruent time minus the average congruent time.
Neural Plasticity
The idea that the anatomical structure and function organisation of the brain is more flexible than traditionally thought
- experience sculpts the brain
- neural reorganisation after injury demonstrates neural plasticity
- neurogenesis
What is the Endocrine System responsible for
- Growth and Development
- Metabolism
- Homeostasis
Mini Intervention in Stroop Experiment
Mindfulness video versus control video on Selective Attention
Pancreas
Sugar metabolism
Genotype
An individual’s genetic makeup
Broca’s Area (1861)
This area is essential for the production of speech
- lesion found on the left side of frontal lobe of a man who could not speak for 30 years
Wernicke’s Area (1874)
Comprehension of language
- damage to the left hemisphere of the temporal lobe leads to problems of comprehension and language
- can speak normally but have difficulty understanding others
Endocrine Glands - Thyroid
Metabolic rate
Oxytocin
- A hormone produced by the pituitary gland
- regulates reproductive behaviour
- Associated with empathy, bonding, feelings of contentment, trust of others and generosity
- Higher in women when released in childbirth
- Low levels associated with shyness, social anxiety, mood disorders, autism and narcissm
Twin studies
Highly controversial Nuebauer 1980 decline to publish his study because of poor public opinion of the unethical nature of his study Twins reared apart are no more different than those reared together
MZ Twins
Monozygotal twins Identical twins
Wernicke’s Aphasia
- Poor speech comprehension
- Production of meaningless speech
- Fluent speech and the speach appears grammatical but tends to be meaningless
- Can not repeat words or sentences
- Unable to understand what they hear
The Endocrine System
- contains glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
- Regulates energy levels, growth, emotions, response to stress, sexual development and reproduction
- Pituitary gland is the master gland, it ssecretes hormones that trigger your other glands
Neurotransmitters are fast and specific because they travel through the synapses
Hormones travel slower because they have to travel through the blood system
Congruent Stroop Paradigm
The word stimuli is written to name a colour and the ink used to denote the word stimuli are the same
DZ twins
Dizygotic twins Fraternal Twins
Where has Neurogenesis been found?
The hippocampus and olfactory bulb
- seen in all vertebrate species
- may assist important role in learning and memory
Where is language developed
Appears only in the Left hemisphere Discovered through studying people with split brain
Homeostasis
- the abitlity of the body to maintain a constant internal state
- Managed by the endocrine system
What is the Stroop Effect?
- In psychology, the Stroop effect is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task.
Tested by asking people to name the colour of a word when the word itself denotes the name of another colour.
Adoption Studies
McGue, et al 1993 found modest similarity between adopted children and biological parents
Gonads
Sex hormones
Sympathetic Division
Mobilises Body Resources
Glands in the Endocrine System
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary Gland
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Thymus
- Pancreas
- Adrenal Glands
- Ovary i(in female)
- Testicle ( in males)
- Placenta ( in pregnancy)
Where are Broca’s ad Wernicke’s areas
Perceptual Asymmetries
Left hemisphere is usually better with verbal processing, language, speech, reading and writing and confabulation
Right hemisphere is usually better with non verbal processing, visual-spatial orientation, music tasks and perception of emotions
Split brain research
Surgery to cut the corpus callosum
Left hemisphere is dominant for verbal processing
Right hemisphere cannot share information with the left and cant say what it sees but they can draw it.
Parasympathetic Division
Conserves Body resources
When was DNA discovered
1953 - Francis Crick
Behavioural genetics
Twin and adoption studies investigate the effects of heredity on environment & behaviour
Implicit Association Test
a measure within social psychologydesigned to detect the strength of a person’s automatic association between mental representations of objects (concepts) in memory.
ie: racial bias
Cerebral lateralisation
Degree to which left or right hemisphere handles various cognitive and behavioural functions.
Independent Variable
a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.
Negative Feedback
- A mechanism by which a system regulates itself.
- when a gland reduces the amount of hormones it secretes in order to return to homeostasis
- allows a gland to self regulate
