Week 11 Flashcards
What is intelligence?
- Ability to understand complex ideas
- Adapt to the environment quickly
- Learn from experience
- Develop reasoning
- Overcome obstacles with mental effort
Sir Francis Galton
- Wrote “Hereditary Genius” (1869)
- Intelligence test based on sensory acuity (Sounds & Colours)
- Found these were not related to intelligence
- Intelligence runs in families
- Intelligence is not environmental
- Is Nature not nurture
Stanford-Binet Intelligence test
- created by Lewis Terman
- Intelligence Quotient
- developed for children only
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Focus on adults as well as children
- also Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSI)
- Non verbal as well as verbal subtests
- verbal IQ, Nonverbal IQ and full scale IQ
- IQ no longer a ratio of mental age/current age
Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
- First published in 1905
- compared mental age to current age
- mental age based on their results on a test vs the standard deviation for their age
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- Thorough rvision of Binet-Simon scale
- Established new norms
- First to use Intelligence Quotient
- IQ divides mental age by current age and multiply by 100
- now derived by comparing individual score with the scores of others the same age
Wechsler IQ test
- for adults and children
- first test for over 16 years
- not based on mental age or chronological age
- scores based on indvidual deviation from average adult scores
Kinds of Intelligence Tests
- Achievement Tests
- Aptitude Tests
- Intelligence Tests
Aptitude tests
Predict future performance on a specific task
Achievement Tests
These tests measure learning
Intelligence Tests
Measure general intellectual ability
Key concepts in intelligence testing
- Reliability
- Validity
- Standardisation
- Cultural Bias
Intelligence Testing - Reliability
- yeild consistent results when same people are tested and retested
- High correlation between scores on different sittings at the same time
- IQ tests not reliable before age 7
Intelligence Testing - Validity
- The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure accurately
- should make accurate conclusions and predictions
- IQ tests predict success in school and life situations
Intelligence Testing - Standardisation
- necessary to establish norms and consistency
Intelligence Testing - Cultural Bias
- threatens validity of a test
- test makers must reduce bias as much as possible
- must create culture fairness
Gardners Eight Intelligences
- Gardner said IQ tests too specific
- what about skills like art and music
- criticised for being too broad
Name Gardner’s Eight Intelligences
- Linguistic
- Musical
- Logical-Mathematical
- Spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
Like My Lamented Sister Bodies Increase In Nakedness
Gardner’s Intelligence - Spatial
Ability to perceive spatial relationships and arrange objects in space
Gardner’s Intelligence - Bodily-Kinesthetic
Ability to control bodily movements
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence
- Analytic Intelligence
- Creative Intelligence
- Practical Intelligence
Creative Intelligence
- Creating
- Inventing
- Designing
Practical Intelligence
- Applying
- Using
- Doing
Analytic Ingelligence
- Analysing
- Comparing
- Evaluating
Reaction Range Model
- Genetically determined limits of IQ
- Environmetal factors determine where individuals fall in this spectrum
Heritability Estimates for intelligence %
- High Estimate = 20% environment/80%
- Heredity - Low Estimate = 60% environment/40%
- Heredity - Recently suggests it hovers at around 50/50
Changeability
- Disadvantage children who are adopted show IQ gains
- Early education may raise IQ Scores
- IQ scores steadily rising, possibly due to changes in standards of living
IQ Tests Today
- Individual: WAIS, Stanford-Binet
- Group Admin: Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test
- Designed to have a Mean and Standard Deviation
- Exceptionally Reliable
- Ability vs Aptitude
Minuses of IQ Tests
- Low expectations are self fulfilling prophecy
- Too much emphasis on IQ in student placement
- May be culturally biased
Is Intelligence Stable
- Intelligence remains stable across your life span
- may be impacted by
- Anxiety/Depression
- Substance Abuse
- Malnourishment
- Poor Sleep
Range of Mental Retardation
- Profound: less than 25
- Severe: 25-39
- Moderate: 40-54
- Mild: 55-70
Range of Giftedness
- IQ of 130 or greater
- enjoy better physical and mental health
- generally successful adults but few make genius level contributions
Drudge Theory
- extraordinary acheivement depends on training and effort
- Innate talent is also critical to success
Race and IQ
- IQ differences affected by:
- Poverty
- Lack of educational experiences
- Familiartity with testing situations
- stereotype threat theory
Stereotype Threat Theory
- when minority individuals become aware of group differences in IQ scores they assume their own IQ is less than that of the majority in that group.
Cultural Differences about Intelligence Beleifs
- Western Societies consider ability is more important than effort
- Asian cultures emphasise effort more than ability
Gender differences in Cognitive Ability
- Females outperform men in reading and writing
- Males do better in Science, Math and some Spatial Tasks
Emotional Intelligence
- Ability to apply knowledge about emotions in everyday life
- Includes personal and interpersonal skills.
Creativity
produce original, appropriate and valuable ideas and or solutions to problems
Convergent Thinking
Solving precise, defined, logical problems for which there is a known answer. eg: multiple choice
Divergent Thinking
Producing multiple ideas, answers or solutions to a problem for which there is no agreed solution. eg open ended solutions
Measuring Creativity
- Unusual Uses Test
- Consequences Test
- Remote Associates Test
Unusual Uses Test
Ask respondents to name as many uses for possible for an ordinary object
Consequences Test
test takers list as many consequences as they can if a certain basic change was made in the world
Remote Associations Test (RAT)
Involves the ability to fit toghether ideas that to the noncreative thinker might appear remote or unrelated
