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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intelligence?

A
  • Ability to understand complex ideas
  • Adapt to the environment quickly
  • Learn from experience
  • Develop reasoning
  • Overcome obstacles with mental effort
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2
Q

Sir Francis Galton

A
  • Wrote “Hereditary Genius” (1869)
  • Intelligence test based on sensory acuity (Sounds & Colours)
  • Found these were not related to intelligence
  • Intelligence runs in families
  • Intelligence is not environmental
  • Is Nature not nurture
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3
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence test

A
  • created by Lewis Terman
  • Intelligence Quotient
  • developed for children only
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4
Q

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A
  • Focus on adults as well as children
  • also Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
  • Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSI)
  • Non verbal as well as verbal subtests
  • verbal IQ, Nonverbal IQ and full scale IQ
  • IQ no longer a ratio of mental age/current age
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5
Q

Binet-Simon Intelligence Test

A
  • First published in 1905
  • compared mental age to current age
  • mental age based on their results on a test vs the standard deviation for their age
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6
Q

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

A
  • Thorough rvision of Binet-Simon scale
  • Established new norms
  • First to use Intelligence Quotient
  • IQ divides mental age by current age and multiply by 100
  • now derived by comparing individual score with the scores of others the same age
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7
Q

Wechsler IQ test

A
  • for adults and children
  • first test for over 16 years
  • not based on mental age or chronological age
  • scores based on indvidual deviation from average adult scores
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8
Q

Kinds of Intelligence Tests

A
  • Achievement Tests
  • Aptitude Tests
  • Intelligence Tests
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9
Q

Aptitude tests

A

Predict future performance on a specific task

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10
Q

Achievement Tests

A

These tests measure learning

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11
Q

Intelligence Tests

A

Measure general intellectual ability

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12
Q

Key concepts in intelligence testing

A
  • Reliability
  • Validity
  • Standardisation
  • Cultural Bias
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13
Q

Intelligence Testing - Reliability

A
  • yeild consistent results when same people are tested and retested
  • High correlation between scores on different sittings at the same time
  • IQ tests not reliable before age 7
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14
Q

Intelligence Testing - Validity

A
  • The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure accurately
  • should make accurate conclusions and predictions
  • IQ tests predict success in school and life situations
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15
Q

Intelligence Testing - Standardisation

A
  • necessary to establish norms and consistency
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16
Q

Intelligence Testing - Cultural Bias

A
  • threatens validity of a test
  • test makers must reduce bias as much as possible
  • must create culture fairness
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17
Q

Gardners Eight Intelligences

A
  • Gardner said IQ tests too specific
  • what about skills like art and music
  • criticised for being too broad
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18
Q

Name Gardner’s Eight Intelligences

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Musical
  3. Logical-Mathematical
  4. Spatial
  5. Bodily-Kinesthetic
  6. Interpersonal
  7. Intrapersonal
  8. Naturalistic

Like My Lamented Sister Bodies Increase In Nakedness

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19
Q

Gardner’s Intelligence - Spatial

A

Ability to perceive spatial relationships and arrange objects in space

20
Q

Gardner’s Intelligence - Bodily-Kinesthetic

A

Ability to control bodily movements

21
Q

Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence

A
  • Analytic Intelligence
  • Creative Intelligence
  • Practical Intelligence
22
Q

Creative Intelligence

A
  • Creating
  • Inventing
  • Designing
23
Q

Practical Intelligence

A
  • Applying
  • Using
  • Doing
24
Q

Analytic Ingelligence

A
  • Analysing
  • Comparing
  • Evaluating
25
Q

Reaction Range Model

A
  • Genetically determined limits of IQ
  • Environmetal factors determine where individuals fall in this spectrum
26
Q

Heritability Estimates for intelligence %

A
  • High Estimate = 20% environment/80%
  • Heredity - Low Estimate = 60% environment/40%
  • Heredity - Recently suggests it hovers at around 50/50
27
Q

Changeability

A
  • Disadvantage children who are adopted show IQ gains
  • Early education may raise IQ Scores
  • IQ scores steadily rising, possibly due to changes in standards of living
28
Q

IQ Tests Today

A
  • Individual: WAIS, Stanford-Binet
  • Group Admin: Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test
  • Designed to have a Mean and Standard Deviation
  • Exceptionally Reliable
  • Ability vs Aptitude
29
Q

Minuses of IQ Tests

A
  • Low expectations are self fulfilling prophecy
  • Too much emphasis on IQ in student placement
  • May be culturally biased
30
Q

Is Intelligence Stable

A
  • Intelligence remains stable across your life span
  • may be impacted by
    • Anxiety/Depression
    • Substance Abuse
    • Malnourishment
    • Poor Sleep
31
Q

Range of Mental Retardation

A
  • Profound: less than 25
  • Severe: 25-39
  • Moderate: 40-54
  • Mild: 55-70
32
Q

Range of Giftedness

A
  • IQ of 130 or greater
  • enjoy better physical and mental health
  • generally successful adults but few make genius level contributions
33
Q

Drudge Theory

A
  • extraordinary acheivement depends on training and effort
  • Innate talent is also critical to success
34
Q

Race and IQ

A
  • IQ differences affected by:
    • Poverty
    • Lack of educational experiences
    • Familiartity with testing situations
    • stereotype threat theory
35
Q

Stereotype Threat Theory

A
  • when minority individuals become aware of group differences in IQ scores they assume their own IQ is less than that of the majority in that group.
36
Q

Cultural Differences about Intelligence Beleifs

A
  • Western Societies consider ability is more important than effort
  • Asian cultures emphasise effort more than ability
37
Q

Gender differences in Cognitive Ability

A
  • Females outperform men in reading and writing
  • Males do better in Science, Math and some Spatial Tasks
38
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A
  • Ability to apply knowledge about emotions in everyday life
  • Includes personal and interpersonal skills.
39
Q

Creativity

A

produce original, appropriate and valuable ideas and or solutions to problems

40
Q

Convergent Thinking

A

Solving precise, defined, logical problems for which there is a known answer. eg: multiple choice

41
Q

Divergent Thinking

A

Producing multiple ideas, answers or solutions to a problem for which there is no agreed solution. eg open ended solutions

42
Q

Measuring Creativity

A
  1. Unusual Uses Test
  2. Consequences Test
  3. Remote Associates Test
43
Q

Unusual Uses Test

A

Ask respondents to name as many uses for possible for an ordinary object

44
Q

Consequences Test

A

test takers list as many consequences as they can if a certain basic change was made in the world

45
Q

Remote Associations Test (RAT)

A

Involves the ability to fit toghether ideas that to the noncreative thinker might appear remote or unrelated

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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