Week 11 Flashcards
1
Q
What is intelligence?
A
- Ability to understand complex ideas
- Adapt to the environment quickly
- Learn from experience
- Develop reasoning
- Overcome obstacles with mental effort
2
Q
Sir Francis Galton
A
- Wrote “Hereditary Genius” (1869)
- Intelligence test based on sensory acuity (Sounds & Colours)
- Found these were not related to intelligence
- Intelligence runs in families
- Intelligence is not environmental
- Is Nature not nurture
3
Q
Stanford-Binet Intelligence test
A
- created by Lewis Terman
- Intelligence Quotient
- developed for children only
4
Q
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
A
- Focus on adults as well as children
- also Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPSI)
- Non verbal as well as verbal subtests
- verbal IQ, Nonverbal IQ and full scale IQ
- IQ no longer a ratio of mental age/current age
5
Q
Binet-Simon Intelligence Test
A
- First published in 1905
- compared mental age to current age
- mental age based on their results on a test vs the standard deviation for their age
6
Q
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
A
- Thorough rvision of Binet-Simon scale
- Established new norms
- First to use Intelligence Quotient
- IQ divides mental age by current age and multiply by 100
- now derived by comparing individual score with the scores of others the same age
7
Q
Wechsler IQ test
A
- for adults and children
- first test for over 16 years
- not based on mental age or chronological age
- scores based on indvidual deviation from average adult scores
8
Q
Kinds of Intelligence Tests
A
- Achievement Tests
- Aptitude Tests
- Intelligence Tests
9
Q
Aptitude tests
A
Predict future performance on a specific task
10
Q
Achievement Tests
A
These tests measure learning
11
Q
Intelligence Tests
A
Measure general intellectual ability
12
Q
Key concepts in intelligence testing
A
- Reliability
- Validity
- Standardisation
- Cultural Bias
13
Q
Intelligence Testing - Reliability
A
- yeild consistent results when same people are tested and retested
- High correlation between scores on different sittings at the same time
- IQ tests not reliable before age 7
14
Q
Intelligence Testing - Validity
A
- The ability of a test to measure what it is intended to measure accurately
- should make accurate conclusions and predictions
- IQ tests predict success in school and life situations
15
Q
Intelligence Testing - Standardisation
A
- necessary to establish norms and consistency
16
Q
Intelligence Testing - Cultural Bias
A
- threatens validity of a test
- test makers must reduce bias as much as possible
- must create culture fairness
17
Q
Gardners Eight Intelligences
A
- Gardner said IQ tests too specific
- what about skills like art and music
- criticised for being too broad
18
Q
Name Gardner’s Eight Intelligences
A
- Linguistic
- Musical
- Logical-Mathematical
- Spatial
- Bodily-Kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalistic
Like My Lamented Sister Bodies Increase In Nakedness
19
Q
Gardner’s Intelligence - Spatial
A
Ability to perceive spatial relationships and arrange objects in space
20
Q
Gardner’s Intelligence - Bodily-Kinesthetic
A
Ability to control bodily movements
21
Q
Sternberg’s Triarchic Model of Intelligence
A
- Analytic Intelligence
- Creative Intelligence
- Practical Intelligence
22
Q
Creative Intelligence
A
- Creating
- Inventing
- Designing
23
Q
Practical Intelligence
A
- Applying
- Using
- Doing
24
Q
Analytic Ingelligence
A
- Analysing
- Comparing
- Evaluating
25
Reaction Range Model
* Genetically determined limits of IQ
* Environmetal factors determine where individuals fall in this spectrum
26
Heritability Estimates for intelligence %
* High Estimate = 20% environment/80%
* Heredity - Low Estimate = 60% environment/40%
* Heredity - Recently suggests it hovers at around 50/50
27
Changeability
* Disadvantage children who are adopted show IQ gains
* Early education may raise IQ Scores
* IQ scores steadily rising, possibly due to changes in standards of living
28
IQ Tests Today
* Individual: WAIS, Stanford-Binet
* Group Admin: Raven's Progressive Matrices Test
* Designed to have a Mean and Standard Deviation
* Exceptionally Reliable
* Ability vs Aptitude
29
Minuses of IQ Tests
* Low expectations are self fulfilling prophecy
* Too much emphasis on IQ in student placement
* May be culturally biased
30
Is Intelligence Stable
* Intelligence remains stable across your life span
* may be impacted by
* Anxiety/Depression
* Substance Abuse
* Malnourishment
* Poor Sleep
31
Range of Mental Retardation
* Profound: less than 25
* Severe: 25-39
* Moderate: 40-54
* Mild: 55-70
32
Range of Giftedness
* IQ of 130 or greater
* enjoy better physical and mental health
* generally successful adults but few make genius level contributions
33
Drudge Theory
* extraordinary acheivement depends on training and effort
* Innate talent is also critical to success
34
Race and IQ
* IQ differences affected by:
* Poverty
* Lack of educational experiences
* Familiartity with testing situations
* stereotype threat theory
35
Stereotype Threat Theory
* when minority individuals become aware of group differences in IQ scores they assume their own IQ is less than that of the majority in that group.
36
Cultural Differences about Intelligence Beleifs
* Western Societies consider ability is more important than effort
* Asian cultures emphasise effort more than ability
37
Gender differences in Cognitive Ability
* Females outperform men in reading and writing
* Males do better in Science, Math and some Spatial Tasks
38
Emotional Intelligence
* Ability to apply knowledge about emotions in everyday life
* Includes personal and interpersonal skills.
39
Creativity
produce original, appropriate and valuable ideas and or solutions to problems
40
Convergent Thinking
Solving precise, defined, logical problems for which there is a known answer. eg: multiple choice
41
Divergent Thinking
Producing multiple ideas, answers or solutions to a problem for which there is no agreed solution. eg open ended solutions
42
Measuring Creativity
1. Unusual Uses Test
2. Consequences Test
3. Remote Associates Test
43
Unusual Uses Test
Ask respondents to name as many uses for possible for an ordinary object
44
Consequences Test
test takers list as many consequences as they can if a certain basic change was made in the world
45
Remote Associations Test (RAT)
Involves the ability to fit toghether ideas that to the noncreative thinker might appear remote or unrelated
