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Psychology: Biology & Cognition > Week 10 Lecture > Flashcards

Week 10 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Thinking - Representation and manipulaiton

A
  • The form of mental images, words and concepts - we can manipulate information in our mind to solve problems, make decisions and Creative thinking
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2
Q

Vygotsky - Thought and Language

A
  • Thought and Language are separate systems in new born babies - Thought and Language merge at around 3 years of age. - Language guides and stimulates thinking
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3
Q

Piaget - Thought and Language

A
  • Thought comes before language - Language depends on thought for its development
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4
Q

Language has rules

A
  • There are symbols that convey meaning - grammar rules for combining these symbols - language is semantic or meaningful
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5
Q

Generative Language

A
  • our language sympols can be combined in an infinite number of ways to create new messages
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6
Q

Structure of language

A
  • We have rules and grammar to govern phrases and sentence
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7
Q

Psycholinguistics

A
  • How language is acquired, produced and used - How sounds and symbols are translated into meaning - Basic sounds are combined to make words and then eventually into language
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8
Q

phonemes

A
  • Smallest units of speech - there are about 100 Phonemes - Most languages only use around 20-80 Phonemes - in English we only use 40 - In Spanish there are 24
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9
Q

Morphemes

A
  • The smallest units of meaning in a language -Root words, prefixes and suffixes
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10
Q

Pragmatics

A
  • Patterns of Intonation - Social roles associated with Language
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11
Q

Syntax

A
  • Rules of arranging and combining words
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12
Q

Semantics

A
  • The meaning of words and word combinations - The variety of objects and their related actions
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13
Q

Implicit Memory

A
  • Rules of language and culture - Concepts and Ideas - Can’t explain where ideas come from but we know what they are.
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14
Q

Surface Structure in a sentence

A

The order of words in a sentence

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15
Q

Deep Structure in a sentence

A

The underlying meaning of the sentence eg; Young Girls wanted for Pickling and Bottling Avoid ambiguous use of It, That, They, This

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16
Q

Speech Anatomy

A

It is the interaction of all of these features that facilitates speech production in Humans

17
Q

Behaviourist Perspective of Language Acquisition - BF Skinner

A
  • Children acquire language through conditioning and Imitation
  • The environment determines our language acquisition
18
Q

Nativist Theory of Language Acquisition - Noam Chomsky

A
  • Humans have an innate capacity to learn language
  • it is nature that impacts language acquisition
19
Q

Interactionist Theory of Language Acquisition - Cognitive/Social Communication

A
  • Both Nature and Nurture play a role in language development
  • Cognitive Theory
    • is an important aspect of more general cognitive development depending on maturation and personal experience
  • Social Communication theory
    • interpersonal communication has functional value
    • emphasises the social context in which language is developed
20
Q

Maturation

A
  • The development of our brain
  • The ability for the way we think to become more sophisticated
21
Q

Emergent Theories

A
  • Neural circuits support language
  • not prewired
  • incremental changes in response to learning
  • predisposition to learn language but dependant on experience
22
Q

Language Acquisition Device

A
  • Innate prewired mechanism for language development
  • built in universal grammer
23
Q

Critical Period hypothesis

A
  • Eric Lenneberg (1967)
  • Critical period of language occurs in childhood
  • Due to neuroplasticity language must be acquired prior to puberty
  • Neuroplasticity slows as we get older and almost halts by age 24
24
Q

Interactionist Approach to Language Acquisition

A
  • Biology and Experience contribute to language development
  • Humans are well equipped for learning language
  • language learning involves acquisition of rules
  • social experiences with parents and others also mold language skills
25
Q

Bilingual children

A
  • Bilingual children have the same vocabulary capacity but it is split across both languages
  • Vocabulary extends as child gets older
  • Bilinguals process raw language processing and verbal fluency more slowly
26
Q

Decision Making

A
  • involves evaluating alterntives
  • choosing from alterntives
  • often simplistic and irrational
27
Q

Elimination by Aspects

A
  • alternatives evaluated against each other
  • ranked according to importance
28
Q

Majority of Confirming Decisions

A
  • alternate options are considered two at a time
  • comparing sets of features but not necessarily the same features
  • all features have equal value
29
Q

Satisficing

A
  • There are a number of options
  • can only evaluate 3 features of each option
  • prioritise each feature but they don’t have to be the same feature across the platforms
30
Q

Availability Heuristics

A
  • Judging the chances of something based on how easily examples of it come to mind.
  • Leads to biased judgements
31
Q

Representativeness Heuristics

A
  • Thinking strategy bases judgement on how closely the situation matches existing experience of that situation
32
Q

Recognition Heuristics

A
  • When we decide that something is more appealing because it is familiar and we recognise it.
33
Q

Decision Making - Framing

A

The way that information is framed to appear to emphasise as a gain or loss as the outcome.

eg:

  • Yoghurt contains only 20% fat

VS

  • Yoghurt is 80% fat free
34
Q

Decision Making - Anchoring

A

Overestimating the value or importance of something by focusing on it to the exclusion of relevant facts

35
Q

Define Problem Solving

A
  • thinking and acting to acheive a goal
  • goal is not easily acheived
36
Q

Warmth Ratings

A
  • Monitoring progress of problem solving
  • as you get closer to a solution you get more warmth ratings
    *
37
Q

Confirmation Bias

A
  • underlies both Functional Fixedness and Mental Set
  • Pay selective attention to information that already conforms our pre-existing beleifs and ideas
  • Ignore information that contradicts our pre-existing beleifs

Psychology: Biology & Cognition (20 decks)

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