Week 10 Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
Thinking - Representation and manipulaiton
A
- The form of mental images, words and concepts - we can manipulate information in our mind to solve problems, make decisions and Creative thinking
2
Q
Vygotsky - Thought and Language
A
- Thought and Language are separate systems in new born babies - Thought and Language merge at around 3 years of age. - Language guides and stimulates thinking
3
Q
Piaget - Thought and Language
A
- Thought comes before language - Language depends on thought for its development
4
Q
Language has rules
A
- There are symbols that convey meaning - grammar rules for combining these symbols - language is semantic or meaningful
5
Q
Generative Language
A
- our language sympols can be combined in an infinite number of ways to create new messages
6
Q
Structure of language
A
- We have rules and grammar to govern phrases and sentence
7
Q
Psycholinguistics
A
- How language is acquired, produced and used - How sounds and symbols are translated into meaning - Basic sounds are combined to make words and then eventually into language
8
Q
phonemes
A
- Smallest units of speech - there are about 100 Phonemes - Most languages only use around 20-80 Phonemes - in English we only use 40 - In Spanish there are 24
9
Q
Morphemes
A
- The smallest units of meaning in a language -Root words, prefixes and suffixes
10
Q
Pragmatics
A
- Patterns of Intonation - Social roles associated with Language
11
Q
Syntax
A
- Rules of arranging and combining words
12
Q
Semantics
A
- The meaning of words and word combinations - The variety of objects and their related actions
13
Q
Implicit Memory
A
- Rules of language and culture - Concepts and Ideas - Can’t explain where ideas come from but we know what they are.
14
Q
Surface Structure in a sentence
A
The order of words in a sentence
15
Q
Deep Structure in a sentence
A
The underlying meaning of the sentence eg; Young Girls wanted for Pickling and Bottling Avoid ambiguous use of It, That, They, This
16
Q
Speech Anatomy
A
It is the interaction of all of these features that facilitates speech production in Humans
17
Q
Behaviourist Perspective of Language Acquisition - BF Skinner
A
- Children acquire language through conditioning and Imitation
- The environment determines our language acquisition
18
Q
Nativist Theory of Language Acquisition - Noam Chomsky
A
- Humans have an innate capacity to learn language
- it is nature that impacts language acquisition
19
Q
Interactionist Theory of Language Acquisition - Cognitive/Social Communication
A
- Both Nature and Nurture play a role in language development
- Cognitive Theory
- is an important aspect of more general cognitive development depending on maturation and personal experience
- Social Communication theory
- interpersonal communication has functional value
- emphasises the social context in which language is developed
20
Q
Maturation
A
- The development of our brain
- The ability for the way we think to become more sophisticated
21
Q
Emergent Theories
A
- Neural circuits support language
- not prewired
- incremental changes in response to learning
- predisposition to learn language but dependant on experience
22
Q
Language Acquisition Device
A
- Innate prewired mechanism for language development
- built in universal grammer
23
Q
Critical Period hypothesis
A
- Eric Lenneberg (1967)
- Critical period of language occurs in childhood
- Due to neuroplasticity language must be acquired prior to puberty
- Neuroplasticity slows as we get older and almost halts by age 24
24
Q
Interactionist Approach to Language Acquisition
A
- Biology and Experience contribute to language development
- Humans are well equipped for learning language
- language learning involves acquisition of rules
- social experiences with parents and others also mold language skills
25
Bilingual children
* Bilingual children have the same vocabulary capacity but it is split across both languages
* Vocabulary extends as child gets older
* Bilinguals process raw language processing and verbal fluency more slowly
26
Decision Making
* involves evaluating alterntives
* choosing from alterntives
* often simplistic and irrational
27
Elimination by Aspects
* alternatives evaluated against each other
* ranked according to importance
28
Majority of Confirming Decisions
* alternate options are considered two at a time
* comparing sets of features but not necessarily the same features
* all features have equal value
29
Satisficing
* There are a number of options
* can only evaluate 3 features of each option
* prioritise each feature but they don't have to be the same feature across the platforms
30
Availability Heuristics
* Judging the chances of something based on how easily examples of it come to mind.
* Leads to biased judgements
31
Representativeness Heuristics
* Thinking strategy bases judgement on how closely the situation matches existing experience of that situation
32
Recognition Heuristics
* When we decide that something is more appealing because it is familiar and we recognise it.
33
Decision Making - Framing
The way that information is framed to appear to emphasise as a gain or loss as the outcome.
eg:
* Yoghurt contains only 20% fat
VS
* Yoghurt is 80% fat free
34
Decision Making - Anchoring
Overestimating the value or importance of something by focusing on it to the exclusion of relevant facts
35
Define Problem Solving
* thinking and acting to acheive a goal
* goal is not easily acheived
36
Warmth Ratings
* Monitoring progress of problem solving
* as you get closer to a solution you get more warmth ratings
*
37
Confirmation Bias
* underlies both Functional Fixedness and Mental Set
* Pay selective attention to information that already conforms our pre-existing beleifs and ideas
* Ignore information that contradicts our pre-existing beleifs
