Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Week 9- effects of aerobic and anaerobic training > Flashcards

Week 9- effects of aerobic and anaerobic training Flashcards

1
Q

What should you consider when training and performing?

A

-sources of energy and fibres used for force production
-contributions of the ATP-PC system, anaerobic glycolysis and aerobic metabolism during maximal effort
-muscle fibres recruitment in increased intensities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the principles of training?

A

-Overload
-Specificity
-Reversibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

When does training effects occur?

A

when physiological system is exercised at a level beyond which it is normally accustomed to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is training effect specific to?

A

-muscle fibre recruitment during exercise
-energy systems involved
-velocity of contraction
-type of contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the definition of reversibility?

A

gains are lost when training ceases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What should your training be to increase VO2max?

A

20-60mins, >3x per week, >50% VO2max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much of VO2max is determined by genetics?

A

50% in sedentary adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do low responders to exercising training VO2max improve to?

A

2-3%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do high responders VO2max increase to following exercise?

A

by 50% with vigorous training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the average improvement to VO2max to exercise?

A

15-20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the primary cause of differences in VO2max between individuals?

A

SVmax

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does short duration training increase VO2max?

A

increase in SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does longer duration training increase VO2max?

A

SV and a-VO2 increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does endurance training increase stroke volume?

A

-increase preload (EDV)
-increased plasma volume
-increase venous return
-increased ventricular volume
-decreased afterload
-decreased arterial constriction
increased maximal muscle blood flow with no change in arterial mean pressure
-increased contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When does 12-20% increase in plasma volume occur?

A

after 3-6 aerobic training sessions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is eccentric hypertrophy?

A

when chamber wall and wall thickness is increased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

With any given submaximal workload what effect does it have on HR following training?

A

lower heart rate due to an increase in stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the consequences of HR being lower after training?

A

-cardiac output is achieved in fewer beats
-vagal tone is increased
-allows for greater ventricle filling time (EDV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the training-induced increases in arteriovenous O2 difference?

A

-muscle blood flow increased
-improved ability of muscle fibres to extract and utilise O2 from the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What causes the muscle blood flow to increase?

A

-decrease in SNS vasoconstriction
-increased diameter of compliant arteries
-increased arterial diameter is specific to limb being used
-permits greater ‘volume of flow per beat’ to limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What allows for an improved ability of muscle fibres to extract and utilise oxygen from the blood?

A

-increased capillary density
-increased mitochondrial number/volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the effect of increased number of capillaries?

A

shorter diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

After training, what results in improved oxidative capacity and ability to utilise fat as fuel?

A

increase in mitochondria in the muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How long does it take for muscle mitochondria number to double?

A

5 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why is blood flow in trained muscle lower?

A

A-V difference is greater and therefore better oxygen extraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the ability to perform prolonged, submaximal exercise dependent on?

A

ability to maintain homeostasis

27
Q

What does the training-induced improvements in homeostatic pressure result in?

A

-more rapid transition from rest to stead state
-a reduced reliance on limited liver and muscle glycogen stores
-numerous cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adaptations that assist in maintaining homeostasis.

28
Q

What are the adaptations of endurance exercise training in muscle fibres that assist in maintaining homeostasis?

A

-shift in muscle fibre type (fast-to-slow) and increase in number of capillaries
-increased mitochondrial volume
-training-induced training in fuel utilisation
-increased antioxidant capacity
-improved acid base regulation

29
Q

What is the difference between slow myosin isoform and fast myosin isoform?

A

slow myosin isoform have lower myosin ATPase activity but better efficiency

30
Q

What determines the magnitude of fibre type change?

A

duration and intensity of training and genetics

31
Q

What does the increased number of capillaries surrounding muscle fibres impact?

A

-enhanced diffusion of oxygen
-improved removal of wastes

32
Q

What is mitochondrial turnover?

A

breakdown of damaged mitochondria and replaced with healthy mitochondria

33
Q

What is the breakdown of damaged mitochondria termed?

A

mitophagy

34
Q

What does the increase in mitochondrial volume result in?

A

-Greater capacity for oxidative phosphorylation
-decreased ADP due to increased ADP transporters in mitochondrial membrane

35
Q

What does the decrease in cystolic (ADP) result in?

A

-less lactate and H formation
-less PC depletion

36
Q

What is a result of high fat utilisation for energy production?

A

-spares plasma glucose and muscle glycogen

37
Q

How does endurance training adaptations improve plasma FFA transport and oxidation?

A
  • increased capillary density
    -fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid translocase
    -higher levels of carnitine palmitoyl transferase and FAT
    -increased enzymes of b-oxidation
    -increased rate of acetyl-CoA formation
    -High citrate level inhibits PFK and glycolysis
38
Q

What is a radical?

A

chemical molecule that contains unpaired electrons, making them highly reactive

39
Q

What can radicals damage?

A

Proteins, cell membrane and DNA

40
Q

What doe radicals promote?

A

oxidative damage and muscle fatigue

41
Q

What does training increasing endogenous antioxidant enzymes improve and protect?

A

-improves the fibres ability to remove radicals
-protects against exercise induced oxidative damage and muscle fatigue

42
Q

What happens if there is less carbohydrate utilisation?

A

less lactate formation

43
Q

What does an increased NADH shuttles reduce?

A

the availability of NADH for lactic acid formation

44
Q

What does endurance and resistance exercise training promote?

A

protein synthesis in fibres

45
Q

What does exercise ‘stress’ activate?

A

gene transcription

46
Q

What is the process of exercise-induced muscle adaptations?

A

-muscle contraction activates primary and secondary messengers
-results in expression of genes and synthesis of new proteins
-mRNA levels typically in 4-8 hours, back to baseline within 24hrs
-daily exercise require for training-induced adaptations

47
Q

What are the primary signals for muscle adaptations?

A

-mechanical stretch (resistance training)
-calcium (endurance training)
-AMP/ATP
-Free radicals

48
Q

What are the secondary messengers in skeletal muscles?

A

-AMP kinase
-Mitogen
-PGC-1a
-Calmodulin- dependent kinase
-Calcineurin (phosphates)
-Nuclear factor Kappa B (NFkB)
-mTOR

49
Q

Why is AMPK important?

A

promotes glucose uptake and linked to gene expression by activation of transcriptional activating factors

50
Q

What is PGC-1a the master regulator of?

A

mitochondrial biogenesis
promotes angiogenesis
synthesis of antioxidant enzymes

51
Q

When is calmodulin-dependent kinase activated?

A

by increases in cytosolic Ca- promotes activation of PGC-1a

52
Q

What does calcineurin participate in?

A

-fibre regeneration
-fast to slow fibre switch

53
Q

What does NFkB promote?

A

synthesis of antioxidant enzymes

54
Q

what does mTOR regulate?

A

protein synthesis and muscle size

55
Q

What causes training-induced reductions in heart rate and ventilation?

A

-reduced ‘feedback’ from muscle chemoreceptors to cardiovascular control centre from group 3 and 4 nerve fibres
-reduced number of motor units recruited

56
Q

What does improvement in muscle fibre oxidative capacity result in?

A

fewer motor units required for submaximal work

57
Q

What are the consequences of detraining?

A

-rapid decrease in VO2max
-decrease in SVmax
-decrease in maximal a-vO2 difference
–decrease in mitochondria
–decrease in oxidative capacity
–decrease in type IIa fibres and increases Type IIx fibres

58
Q

What is detraining primarily due to?

A

changes in mitochondria

59
Q

When are the majority of the adaptations lost?

A

in two weeks

60
Q

How long does it require of retraining to regain mitochondrial adaptations?

A

3-4 weeks

61
Q

What muscle fibre types are recruited with anaerobic adaptation?

A

Type I and II

62
Q

What does sprint training result in?

A

hypertrophy of type II muscle fibres and elevates enzymes involved in both ATP-PC system and glycolysis

63
Q

What does high intensity interval training>30seconds promote?

A

mitochondrial biogenesis

64
Q
A

Physiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions