Week 1- control of internal environment

Question 1

What is basic research?

Answer 1

systematic study of fundamental topics in biology

Question 2

What is translation research?

Answer 2

bench-to-beside application of research findings

Question 3

What is applied research?

Answer 3

studies designed to solve practical problems

Question 4

What is homeostasis?

Answer 4

a fundamental principle of body function
All variables must operate in a narrow range of values
Homeostasis of one variable is not independent of other variables

Question 5

What is steady state?

Answer 5

physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily ‘normal’

Question 6

What is dynamic constancy?

Answer 6

changes in arterial blood pressure at rest

Question 7

What causes arterial blood pressure to change but mean pressure to always be constant?

Answer 7

Baroreflex responses and kidney function

Question 8

What is it called when body temperature reaches a plateau?

Answer 8

steady state

Question 9

What are the intracellular control systems?

Answer 9

-Protein synthesis/breakdown
-Energy Production
-maintenance of stored nutrients

Question 10

What are the organ control systems?

Answer 10

-Pulmonary and circulator system
-Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

Question 11

What is a biological control system?

Answer 11

a series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a constant value

Question 12

What is the role of a sensor?

Answer 12

to detect a change in variable

Question 13

What is the job of the control centre?

Answer 13

to assess the input and initiate a response

Question 14

What is the job of an effector?

Answer 14

Changes in internal environment back to normal

Question 15

What does a negative response do?

Answer 15

reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis

Question 16

What does a positive response do?

Answer 16

increases the original stimulus e.g. child birth

Question 17

What is gain?

Answer 17

degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis

Question 18

How is temperature regulated?

Answer 18

-thermoreceptors send message to the brain
-response by skin blood vessels and sweat glands

Question 19

How is blood glucose regulated?

Answer 19

insulin

Question 20

How is cellular homeostasis regulated?

Answer 20

stress proteins
-repair damaged proteins to restore homeostasis in response to change in temp, pH and radicals

Question 21

What is a major test for homeostatic control?

Answer 21

exercise

Question 22

What is adaptation?

Answer 22

change in structure and function of cell or organ system, resulting in improved ability to maintain homeostasis

Question 23

What is acclimation?

Answer 23

adaption to environmental stresses resulting in improved function of existing homeostatic system

Question 24

What is hormesis?

Answer 24

process in which a low-to-moderate dose of potentially harmful stress results in beneficial adaptive response on the cell or organ system

Question 25

What is exercise-induced hormesis?

Answer 25

what we know about exercise-induced adaptation on the body

Question 26

What is cell signalling?

Answer 26

-communication between cells using chemical messengers
-coordinates cellular activity
-important for maintaining homeostasis

Question 27

What are the 5 different cell signalling pathways within the cell?

Answer 27

1. Introcine signalling- CM inside the cell triggers a response
2. Juxatcin signalling- CM passed between two connected cells
3. Autocrine signalling- CM acts on the same cell
4. Parocrine signalling- CM acts on nearby cells
5. Endocrine signalling- CM (that are hormones) released into the blood (effects the cell with a specific receptor to the hormone)