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Physiology > Week 2- bioenergetics and exercise metabolism > Flashcards

Week 2- bioenergetics and exercise metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

-exchange of energy within a living system
-conservation of food stuff into usable energy for cell work
–>chemical to mechanical
–>implication for performance

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions within the body

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3
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

synthesis of molecules

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4
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

breakdown of molecules

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5
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

requires energy to be added to the reactants

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6
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

releases energy

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7
Q

What are coupled reactions?

A

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives and endergonic reaction

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8
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Removing an electron

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9
Q

What is reduction?

A

addition of an electron

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10
Q

What are NAD and EAD?

A

electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain

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11
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that lower activation energy, accelerating chemical reactions

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12
Q

What is the role of a kinase enzyme?

A

add a phosphate group

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13
Q

What is the role of a dehydrogenase enzyme?

A

remove hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

What is the role of oxidases?

A

catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

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15
Q

What is the role of isomerases?

A

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

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16
Q

What influences enzyme activity?

A

-Temp
-pH

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17
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

high-energy phosphate molecule

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18
Q

What is the anaerobic pathway to activate ATP formation?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation, no involving oxygen
-phosphocreatine system (PC) and glycolysis

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19
Q

What is the aerobic pathway to activate ATP formation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
-requires oxygen
-dependent on respiratory and cardiovascular system to deliver adequate oxygen

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20
Q

What system is the most rapid and simplest for ATP production?

A

ATP-PC system
-PC +ADP –>creatine kinase–> ATP+C

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21
Q

When is the ATP-PC system depleted?

A

after 10-15seconds of all out activity

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22
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

2NADH, 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

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23
Q

What is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis if glucose is the substrate?

A

2 ATP

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24
Q

What is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis if glycogen is the substrate?

A

3 ATP

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25
What is needed for glycolysis to continue?
Adequate NAD available to accept H, requiring NAD to be readily reformed from NADH
26
What occurs to the H if sufficient oxygen is available?
H is shuttled into the mitochondria for ATP production
27
What occurs to the H if there is insufficient oxygen available?
Pyruvate accepts H to form lactate which is catalysed via lactate dehydrogenase
28
What does lactate formation allow for?
The recycling of NAD so that glycolysis can continue without oxygen
29
What is involved in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?
oxidation of acetyl CoA to provide electrons for the ETC
30
What is involved in the ETC?
energy is obtained from electron transport and is used to produce ATP at the end of the ETC
31
How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule?
32 ATP (textbook version) 38 ATP (historically)
32
Why is total ATP produced variable?
NADH is used as a reducing agent in other processes and the proton gradient is used in transporting other substrates through the inner membrane into the matrix
33
What regulates biochemical pathways?
rate limiting enzyme which are regulated by modulators
34
What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in the ATP-PC system?
-creatine kinase -ADP -ATP
35
What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in glycolysis?
-Phosphofructokinase -AMP, ADP, Pi, increased pH -ATP, CP, citrate, decreased pH
36
What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in the citric acid cycle?
-isocitrate dehydrogenase -ADP, Ca, NAD -ATP, NADH
37
What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in the electron transport chain?
-cytochrome oxidase -ADP, Pi -ATP
38
What is the baseline oxygen consumption at rest?
0.25l/min
39
When does oxygen uptake reach a steady state after beginning exercise?
within 1-4minutes
40
When are ATP processes aerobic?
At a steady state
41
Why must initial ATP production be anaerobic?
-To create an oxygen deficit -discrepancy between initial demand/ATP production and O2 consumption
42
In what way are trained individuals aerobic bioenergetic capacity better?
-greater regional blood flow to active muscles (e.g. more capillaries) -increased cellular adaptation and efficiency -increased mitochondrial volume in muscle fibres resulting in less lactate -production at the beginning of exercise
43
What is EPOC?
-excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
44
What is EPOC influenced by?
intensity of exercise
45
What is the role of the rapid portion of EPOC?
-Resynthesis of stored PC in the muscle -Replenishing muscle (myoglobin) and blood (haemoglobin) oxygen stores
46
What is the role of the slow portion of EPOC?
-Increase HR and breathing increasing oxygen demand -Increase body temp = Increased metabolic rate -increased blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine = increased metabolic rate -Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)
47
How is ATP produced for short-term, high intensity exercise (<5secs)?
ATP-PC system
48
How is ATP produced for intense exercise >5secs?
Glycolysis
49
How is ATP produced for events lasting longer than 45seconds?
ATP-PC Glycolysis Aerobic systems (50/50 anaerobic and aerobic at 2minutes)
50
How is ATP produced for prolonged exercise (>10mins)?
aerobic metabolism
51
What factors govern fuel selection?
exercise intensity and duration
52
How do you estimate fuel utilisation and respiratory exchange ratio?
-Pulmonary gas exchange -Caveats- must be performed during steady-state exercise and assumes that 0 protein is used as a fuel during exercise
53
What is the caloric equivalent for oxygen when fat alone is used?
4.69kcal per L
54
What is the caloric equivalent for oxygen when carbohydrates alone is used?
5.05kcal per L
55
What is the cross-over concept of fuel utilisation?
the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases
56
What does cross-over occur?
-recruitment of fast muscle fibres -Increasing blood levels of epinephrine stimulates glycolysis and lactate production
57
What occurs due to the increased rate in lipolysis?
-breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and FFA -stimulated by increased blood levels of several hormones
58
What is beta oxidation?
process of oxidising fatty acids to acetyl-CoA
59
When is fat only metabolised?
Krebs cycle
60
What exercise intensity is best for burning fat?
~60% VO2max
61
What is FATmax?
highest rate of fat oxidation, reached just before lactate threshold
62
What increased the rate of glycogenolysis?
recruitment of fast twitch fibres and elevated blood epinephrine levels
63
What is lactate threshold (anaerobic threshold)?
the point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise
64
When does the blood lactate threshold occur in untrained individuals?
50-60% VO2max
65
When does the blood lactate threshold occur in trained individuals?
65-80% VO2max
66
What is onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?
the point at which blood lactate reaches >4mmol/L
67
What are the possible explanation for lactate threshold?
-recruitment of fast twitch fibres -reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood -blood lactate con = lactate entry into the blood- blood lactate removal -low oxygen in muscles
68
Does lactate cause muscle soreness?
No
69
What causes delayed onset muscle soreness?
mircoscopic injury to muscle fibres = inflammation and edema
70
What is lactate shuttle?
produced in one tissues and transported to another to be used as an energy source
71
What is the Cori cycle?
the cycle of lactate/glucose between the muscle/liver

Physiology (24 decks)

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