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Physiology > Week 2- bioenergetics and exercise metabolism > Flashcards

Week 2- bioenergetics and exercise metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is bioenergetics?

A

-exchange of energy within a living system
-conservation of food stuff into usable energy for cell work
–>chemical to mechanical
–>implication for performance

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2
Q

What is metabolism?

A

sum of all chemical reactions within the body

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3
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

synthesis of molecules

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4
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

breakdown of molecules

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5
Q

What are endergonic reactions?

A

requires energy to be added to the reactants

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6
Q

What are exergonic reactions?

A

releases energy

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7
Q

What are coupled reactions?

A

liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives and endergonic reaction

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8
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Removing an electron

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9
Q

What is reduction?

A

addition of an electron

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10
Q

What are NAD and EAD?

A

electron carrier molecules in the electron transport chain

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11
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that lower activation energy, accelerating chemical reactions

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12
Q

What is the role of a kinase enzyme?

A

add a phosphate group

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13
Q

What is the role of a dehydrogenase enzyme?

A

remove hydrogen atoms

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14
Q

What is the role of oxidases?

A

catalyse oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen

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15
Q

What is the role of isomerases?

A

rearrangement of the structure of molecules

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16
Q

What influences enzyme activity?

A

-Temp
-pH

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17
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

high-energy phosphate molecule

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18
Q

What is the anaerobic pathway to activate ATP formation?

A

substrate-level phosphorylation, no involving oxygen
-phosphocreatine system (PC) and glycolysis

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19
Q

What is the aerobic pathway to activate ATP formation?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
-requires oxygen
-dependent on respiratory and cardiovascular system to deliver adequate oxygen

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20
Q

What system is the most rapid and simplest for ATP production?

A

ATP-PC system
-PC +ADP –>creatine kinase–> ATP+C

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21
Q

When is the ATP-PC system depleted?

A

after 10-15seconds of all out activity

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22
Q

What does glycolysis produce?

A

2NADH, 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate

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23
Q

What is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis if glucose is the substrate?

A

2 ATP

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24
Q

What is the net gain of ATP for glycolysis if glycogen is the substrate?

A

3 ATP

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25
Q

What is needed for glycolysis to continue?

A

Adequate NAD available to accept H, requiring NAD to be readily reformed from NADH

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26
Q

What occurs to the H if sufficient oxygen is available?

A

H is shuttled into the mitochondria for ATP production

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27
Q

What occurs to the H if there is insufficient oxygen available?

A

Pyruvate accepts H to form lactate which is catalysed via lactate dehydrogenase

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28
Q

What does lactate formation allow for?

A

The recycling of NAD so that glycolysis can continue without oxygen

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29
Q

What is involved in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)?

A

oxidation of acetyl CoA to provide electrons for the ETC

30
Q

What is involved in the ETC?

A

energy is obtained from electron transport and is used to produce ATP at the end of the ETC

31
Q

How much ATP is produced per glucose molecule?

A

32 ATP (textbook version)
38 ATP (historically)

32
Q

Why is total ATP produced variable?

A

NADH is used as a reducing agent in other processes and the proton gradient is used in transporting other substrates through the inner membrane into the matrix

33
Q

What regulates biochemical pathways?

A

rate limiting enzyme which are regulated by modulators

34
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in the ATP-PC system?

A

-creatine kinase
-ADP
-ATP

35
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in glycolysis?

A

-Phosphofructokinase
-AMP, ADP, Pi, increased pH
-ATP, CP, citrate, decreased pH

36
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in the citric acid cycle?

A

-isocitrate dehydrogenase
-ADP, Ca, NAD
-ATP, NADH

37
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme, stimulator and inhibitor in the electron transport chain?

A

-cytochrome oxidase
-ADP, Pi
-ATP

38
Q

What is the baseline oxygen consumption at rest?

A

0.25l/min

39
Q

When does oxygen uptake reach a steady state after beginning exercise?

A

within 1-4minutes

40
Q

When are ATP processes aerobic?

A

At a steady state

41
Q

Why must initial ATP production be anaerobic?

A

-To create an oxygen deficit
-discrepancy between initial demand/ATP production and O2 consumption

42
Q

In what way are trained individuals aerobic bioenergetic capacity better?

A

-greater regional blood flow to active muscles (e.g. more capillaries)
-increased cellular adaptation and efficiency
-increased mitochondrial volume in muscle fibres resulting in less lactate
-production at the beginning of exercise

43
Q

What is EPOC?

A

-excess post-exercise oxygen consumption

44
Q

What is EPOC influenced by?

A

intensity of exercise

45
Q

What is the role of the rapid portion of EPOC?

A

-Resynthesis of stored PC in the muscle
-Replenishing muscle (myoglobin) and blood (haemoglobin) oxygen stores

46
Q

What is the role of the slow portion of EPOC?

A

-Increase HR and breathing increasing oxygen demand
-Increase body temp = Increased metabolic rate
-increased blood levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine = increased metabolic rate
-Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis)

47
Q

How is ATP produced for short-term, high intensity exercise (<5secs)?

A

ATP-PC system

48
Q

How is ATP produced for intense exercise >5secs?

A

Glycolysis

49
Q

How is ATP produced for events lasting longer than 45seconds?

A

ATP-PC
Glycolysis
Aerobic systems
(50/50 anaerobic and aerobic at 2minutes)

50
Q

How is ATP produced for prolonged exercise (>10mins)?

A

aerobic metabolism

51
Q

What factors govern fuel selection?

A

exercise intensity and duration

52
Q

How do you estimate fuel utilisation and respiratory exchange ratio?

A

-Pulmonary gas exchange
-Caveats- must be performed during steady-state exercise and assumes that 0 protein is used as a fuel during exercise

53
Q

What is the caloric equivalent for oxygen when fat alone is used?

A

4.69kcal per L

54
Q

What is the caloric equivalent for oxygen when carbohydrates alone is used?

A

5.05kcal per L

55
Q

What is the cross-over concept of fuel utilisation?

A

the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases

56
Q

What does cross-over occur?

A

-recruitment of fast muscle fibres
-Increasing blood levels of epinephrine stimulates glycolysis and lactate production

57
Q

What occurs due to the increased rate in lipolysis?

A

-breakdown of triglycerides to glycerol and FFA
-stimulated by increased blood levels of several hormones

58
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

process of oxidising fatty acids to acetyl-CoA

59
Q

When is fat only metabolised?

A

Krebs cycle

60
Q

What exercise intensity is best for burning fat?

A

~60% VO2max

61
Q

What is FATmax?

A

highest rate of fat oxidation, reached just before lactate threshold

62
Q

What increased the rate of glycogenolysis?

A

recruitment of fast twitch fibres and elevated blood epinephrine levels

63
Q

What is lactate threshold (anaerobic threshold)?

A

the point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise

64
Q

When does the blood lactate threshold occur in untrained individuals?

A

50-60% VO2max

65
Q

When does the blood lactate threshold occur in trained individuals?

A

65-80% VO2max

66
Q

What is onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA)?

A

the point at which blood lactate reaches >4mmol/L

67
Q

What are the possible explanation for lactate threshold?

A

-recruitment of fast twitch fibres
-reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood
-blood lactate con = lactate entry into the blood- blood lactate removal
-low oxygen in muscles

68
Q

Does lactate cause muscle soreness?

A

No

69
Q

What causes delayed onset muscle soreness?

A

mircoscopic injury to muscle fibres = inflammation and edema

70
Q

What is lactate shuttle?

A

produced in one tissues and transported to another to be used as an energy source

71
Q

What is the Cori cycle?

A

the cycle of lactate/glucose between the muscle/liver

Physiology (24 decks)

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