Week 3- control of movement- structure and function

Question 1

What does the nervous system coordinate with?

Answer 1

endocrine system

Question 2

What makes up the central nervous system?

Answer 2

brain and spinal cord

Question 3

What makes up the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 3

nerves outside of the CNS

Question 4

What are sensory diversion?

Answer 4

afferent fibres transmit impulses from receptors to CNS

Question 5

What are Motor diversions?

Answer 5

efferent fibres transmit impulses from the CNS to effector organs

Question 6

What is the resting potential of the cell?

Answer 6

negative (polarised)
–40 to -75

Question 7

What is the magnitude of the resting membrane potential determined by?

Answer 7

-permeability of plasma membrane to ions
-difference in ion concentration across the membrane

Question 8

What does the sodium potassium pump do?

Answer 8

moves 2 potassium in and 3 sodium out

Question 9

when does an action potential occur?

Answer 9

when a stimulus of sufficient strength depolarises the cell

Question 10

What does an action potential cause?

Answer 10

opens sodium channels so the inside of the cell becomes more positive

Question 11

What is repolarisation?

Answer 11

returning to resting membrane potential
-potassium leaves the cell rapidly and sodium channels close

Question 12

What is the all-or-nothing law?

Answer 12

once a nerve impulse is initiated, it travels the length of the neuron

Question 13

What does the membrane potential depolarise from?

Answer 13

-70mv to 30mv

Question 14

What do excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) promote?

Answer 14

neural depolarisation in two ways, temporal and spatial summation

Question 15

What is temporal summation?

Answer 15

rapid, repetitive excitation from a single excitatory presynaptic neuron

Question 16

what is spatial summation?

Answer 16

summing EPSP from several different presynaptic neurons

Question 17

What do inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) cause?

Answer 17

hyperpolarisation (more negative resting potential) so it resists depolarisation

Question 18

What are the joint proprioceptors?

Answer 18

-free nerve endings- touch and pressure
-Golgi type receptors
-Parcinian corpuscle

Question 19

What are the muscle proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors)?

Answer 19

-muscle spindles
-Golgi tendon organ

Question 20

What is proprioception?

Answer 20

The sense of the body’s position in space based on specialised receptors that reside in the muscle, tendons and joints

Question 21

What are proprioceptors?

Answer 21

sensors that provide information about joint angle, muscle length and tension which is integrated to give information about the position of the limb

Question 22

What do muscle spindles respond to?

Answer 22

change in muscle length

Question 23

What do muscle spindles consists of?

Answer 23

-intrafusal fibres
-gamma motor neurons
-stretch reflex

Question 24

What is the function of muscle spindles?

Answer 24

assist in the regulation of movement and maintain posture

Question 25

What is the role of the Golgi Tendon Organ (GTO)?

Answer 25

monitor force development in muscle preventing muscle damage during excessive force generations

Question 26

What does the stimulation of GTO result in?

Answer 26

reflex relaxation in muscle- inhibitory neurons send inhibitory postsynaptic potentials to muscle alpha motor neurons

Question 27

What are muscle chemoreceptors sensitive to?

Answer 27

changes in the chemical environment surrounding a muscle i.e. changes in pH, CO2 and K

Question 28

What are muscle chemoreceptors important for?

Answer 28

regulation of cardiovascular and pulmonary responses

Question 29

What are the different types of motor units?

Answer 29

-Type 1(smallest, slowest) -Type IIA(fast, fatigue resistant) -Type IIX (fast, fatigable)

Question 30

What muscle fibre type is recruited first?

Answer 30

Type I--> Type IIA --> Type IIX

Question 31

What is the cerebrum/cerebral cortex responsible for?

Answer 31

-reception of sensory inputs -organisation of movement -storage of learned experiences

Question 32

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

Answer 32

control of movement and integration of sensory information

Question 33

What is the brainstem responsible for?

Answer 33

cardiorespiratory function, locomotion, muscle tone, posture, receiving information from special senses

Question 34

Where is the brainstem?

Answer 34

Midbrain

Question 35

What are the functions of the brainstem?

Answer 35

body movement controlling responses to sight eye movement pupil dilation hearing

Question 36

What is the medulla oblongata involved in?

Answer 36

control of automatic function, relaying signals between brain and spinal cord and coordination of body movements

Question 37

What is the pons involved in?

Answer 37

sleep control of automatic function relays sensory information between cerebellum and cerebrum