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Physiology > Week 7- respiration during exercise > Flashcards

Week 7- respiration during exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?

A

to maintain arterial blood-gas homeostasis

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2
Q

How is arterial blood-gas homeostasis maintained?
(4 stage process)

A

-pulmonary ventilation
-alveolar gas exchange
-gas transport
-systematic gas exchange

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3
Q

What does the epiglottis separate?

A

upper and lower respiratory tracts

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4
Q

What are the membranes called that the lungs are enclosed within?

A

Pleura

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5
Q

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

A

the intrapleural pressure being greater than the atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

What is the role of the conducting zone?

A

Conducts air into the lungs

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7
Q

What takes place in the respiratory zone?

A

transport of gases

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8
Q

What is the main bronchi?

A

Z1

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9
Q

Where does the conducting zone extend to?

A

terminal bronchioles (Z16)

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10
Q

Where does pulmonary gas exchange take place?

A

across the pulmonary capillary

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11
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cell?

A

-Type I cells (95% of the internal surface, crucial for gas exchange)
-Type II cells (release surfactant)

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12
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

a molecule that lowers the surface tension e.g. to stop the alveoli from collapsing, releasing the amount of pressure required to inflate them

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13
Q

What is the transport of a volume of gas dependent on?

A

-surface area
-thickness
-diffusion coefficient
-pressure gradient

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14
Q

What are the layers of the diffusion path from the alveolar gas to the erythrocyte (EC)?

A

-surfactant
-alveolar epithelium
-interstitium
-capillary endothelium
-plasma

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15
Q

What does the contraction length of breathing change?

A

volume

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16
Q

what does the contraction velocity of breathing change?

A

flow

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17
Q

what does the contraction force of breathing change?

A

pressure

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18
Q

What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

increases and the respiratory muscles contract

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19
Q

At rest, what is responsible for most of pulmonary ventilation?

A

diaphragm contraction

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20
Q

Is expiration passive or active?

A

Passive

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21
Q

During exercise, what is the diaphragm assisted by for breathing?

A

-external intercostal muscles
-scalene
-sternocleidomastoid

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22
Q

When does expiration become an active process?

A

by contraction of the rectus abdominis, internal intercostal muscles and external obliques

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23
Q

What is a non-volitional measure of diaphragmatic fatigue?

A

bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation

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24
Q

What is Ohms law equation?

A

current = voltage / resistance

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25
Q

What is airflow dependent on?

A

A pressure gradient and airway resistance

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26
Q

What is Poiseuille’s law?

A

-resistance is dependent upon the length and radius of the tube
-radius is raised to the forth power and therefore the major determinant of airway resistance

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27
Q

What are the effects of exercise-induced asthma?

A

-maximum airflow is reached at lower exercise intensities
-end expiratory lung volume is higher
-compliance of the lungs at higher lung levels is very low making the work of breathing increase

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28
Q

What is the volume of air not participating in gas exchanged termed?

A

Dead space

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29
Q

What is the amount of dead space in a healthy individual?

A

150ml

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30
Q

What does tidal volume - dead space =?

A

alveolar volume

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31
Q

What is the equation for lung capacity?

A

lung capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume

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32
Q

What can a spirometry be used to diagnose?

A

pulmonary disease such as COPD

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33
Q

What is force vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration

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34
Q

How is COPD characterised?

A

increase airway resistance and a reduced force vital capacity

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35
Q

How is the compliance of the lungs difference in someone with COPD?

A

compliance is lower so takes more pressure to produce a change in volume

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36
Q

What are the consequences of living with COPD?

A

work of breathing is higher

37
Q

What is the result of COPD?

A

increased breathing discomfort and they are mechanically constrained

38
Q

How many phases does the ventilatory response to constant load steady-state exercise occur in?

A

-Phase 1- intermediate increase in Ve
-Phase 2- exponential increase in Ve
-Phase 3- plateau

39
Q

What is hyperpnoea?

A

PaCo2 regulation due to proportional changes in alveolar ventilation (VA) and metabolic rate (VO2)

40
Q

What is the ventilatory threshold?

A

the point at which ventilation stops increasing linearly with exercise intensity/workload

41
Q

What is ventilatory threshold sometimes referred to as?

A

lactate or anaerobic threshold

42
Q

What happens after Tvent (ventilatory threshold) is reached?

A

VE increases exponentially resulting in hyperventilation

43
Q

What is exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH)?

A

a reduction in PaO2 of >10mmHg from rest

44
Q

When does EIAH occur?

A

-in highly trained males during heavy exercise
-the majority of females regardless of fitness or exercise intensity

45
Q

Why does EIAH occur?

A

ventilatory demand exceeds capacity

46
Q

What causes EIAH?

A

-diffusion limitation
-V/Q mismatch (ventilation-perfusion mismatch)
-Relative hypoventilation (no dramatic decrease in carbon dioxide pressure)

47
Q

At the onset of exercise what are the changes in VE largely achieved by?

A

increasing Vr

48
Q

During heavy exercise, what causes Vr to plateau and a further increase in VE?

A

increased fb (breathing frequency)

49
Q

What is the equation for work?

A

work = force X volume

50
Q

What is the equation for work when applied to breathing?

A

work = pressure X volume

51
Q

What is total work the sum of?

A

elastic, flow-resistive and inertial force

52
Q

What is Oesophageal pressure?

A

an estimate of pleural pressure and can be used to calculate the mechanical work of breathing during exercise

53
Q

Where are the respiratory central pattern generators located?

A

within the brainstem (pons and medulla)

54
Q

What are the three main groups of neurons?

A

-Ventral respiratory group (inspiratory and expiratory)
-dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory)
-pontine respiratory group (modulatory)

55
Q

What are the central controllers?

A

brainstem

56
Q

What is the motor output?

A

resistance muscles and pump muscles

57
Q

what is the feedback inputs?

A

peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors

58
Q

what are feedforward inputs?

A

muscle afferents and CO2 flow

59
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

at the aortic arch and carotid body

60
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?

A

-changes in PO2 in blood perfusing systemic and cerebral circulation
-relay sensory information to the medulla via vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal

61
Q

What other stimulus activate peripheral chemoreceptor?

A

Temperature
adrenaline
CO2

62
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

in the ventral surface of the medulla (the retrotrapezoid nucleus)

63
Q

What is the retrotrapezoid nucleus sensitive to?

A

change in PaCo2/H

64
Q

What brain sites are sensitive to CO2?

A

NTS
Locus coeruleus
Raphe
Cerebellum

65
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

Error signals

66
Q

What do central and peripheral chemoreceptors increase affect input to the brainstem in response to?

A

increasing PaCO2
decreasing PaCO2 or pH

67
Q

What do central and peripheral neurogenic stimuli play a major role in?

A

exercise hyperpnoea

68
Q

What stimulates breathing during exercise?

A

metabolites accumulation

69
Q

What are the chronic training adaptations that improve aerobic capacity?

A

-decrease in metabolite accumulation
-decrease in afferent feedback
-decrease in ventilatory drive

70
Q

How might the pulmonary system limit maximal exercise performance?

A

-exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH)
-exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO)
-expiratory flow limitation
-respiratory muscle fatigue
-intrathoracic pressure effects on cardiac output

71
Q

What does Dalton’s law state?

A

the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of all pressure that each gas would exert independently

72
Q

What do pulmonary arteries carry?

A

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

73
Q

What does gas exchange occur between?

A

Alveoli and capillaries

74
Q

where is oxygenated blood returned to?

A

left atrium but the pulmonary vein

75
Q

What does gas exchange require?

A

a matching of ventilation to blood flow

76
Q

what does it mean if V/Q >1?

A

under perfused (apex of lung)

77
Q

What does it mean if V/Q <1?

A

over perfused (base of lung)

78
Q

Why does V/Q improve upon exercise?

A

-increased tidal volume
-increased pulmonary artery pressures

79
Q

What % of oxygen is carried as dissolved and with haemoglobin?

A

dissolved= 2%
bound to haemoglobin = 98%

80
Q

How many oxygen molecules can one haemoglobin transport?

A

4

81
Q

What is the amount of oxygen transported as oxyhaemoglobin dependent on?

A

Hbmass

82
Q

What causes a rightward shift in the ODC ‘Bohr effect’?

A

increase in H, CO2 and core body temp

83
Q

What does the Bohr effect facilitate?

A

unloading of O2 to active tissue

84
Q

What are the characteristics of myoglobin?

A

-high oxygen affinity
-shuttles oxygen from muscle cell membrane to mitochondria from aerobic respiration
-provides intramuscular oxygen storage (reserve)

85
Q

What % of CO2 is carried in its different forms?

A

-dissolved =10%
-bound to haemoglobin = 20%
-bicarbonate = 70%

86
Q

What is more soluble, O2 or CO2?

A

CO2 is 20x more soluble that O2

87
Q

How is carboamino Haemoglobin produced?

A

H binds to Hb forming HHb with binds to CO2

88
Q

What does the increase in CO2 production stimulate and why?

A

stimulates breathing via a feedback loop by causing an increase in H and decrease in arterial pH

Physiology (24 decks)

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