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Week 7- respiration during exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?

A

to maintain arterial blood-gas homeostasis

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2
Q

How is arterial blood-gas homeostasis maintained?
(4 stage process)

A

-pulmonary ventilation
-alveolar gas exchange
-gas transport
-systematic gas exchange

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3
Q

What does the epiglottis separate?

A

upper and lower respiratory tracts

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4
Q

What are the membranes called that the lungs are enclosed within?

A

Pleura

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5
Q

What prevents the alveoli from collapsing?

A

the intrapleural pressure being greater than the atmospheric pressure

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6
Q

What is the role of the conducting zone?

A

Conducts air into the lungs

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7
Q

What takes place in the respiratory zone?

A

transport of gases

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8
Q

What is the main bronchi?

A

Z1

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9
Q

Where does the conducting zone extend to?

A

terminal bronchioles (Z16)

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10
Q

Where does pulmonary gas exchange take place?

A

across the pulmonary capillary

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11
Q

What are the two types of alveolar cell?

A

-Type I cells (95% of the internal surface, crucial for gas exchange)
-Type II cells (release surfactant)

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12
Q

What is a surfactant?

A

a molecule that lowers the surface tension e.g. to stop the alveoli from collapsing, releasing the amount of pressure required to inflate them

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13
Q

What is the transport of a volume of gas dependent on?

A

-surface area
-thickness
-diffusion coefficient
-pressure gradient

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14
Q

What are the layers of the diffusion path from the alveolar gas to the erythrocyte (EC)?

A

-surfactant
-alveolar epithelium
-interstitium
-capillary endothelium
-plasma

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15
Q

What does the contraction length of breathing change?

A

volume

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16
Q

what does the contraction velocity of breathing change?

A

flow

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17
Q

what does the contraction force of breathing change?

A

pressure

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18
Q

What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration?

A

increases and the respiratory muscles contract

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19
Q

At rest, what is responsible for most of pulmonary ventilation?

A

diaphragm contraction

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20
Q

Is expiration passive or active?

A

Passive

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21
Q

During exercise, what is the diaphragm assisted by for breathing?

A

-external intercostal muscles
-scalene
-sternocleidomastoid

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22
Q

When does expiration become an active process?

A

by contraction of the rectus abdominis, internal intercostal muscles and external obliques

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23
Q

What is a non-volitional measure of diaphragmatic fatigue?

A

bilateral phrenic nerve stimulation

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24
Q

What is Ohms law equation?

A

current = voltage / resistance

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25
What is airflow dependent on?
A pressure gradient and airway resistance
26
What is Poiseuille's law?
-resistance is dependent upon the length and radius of the tube -radius is raised to the forth power and therefore the major determinant of airway resistance
27
What are the effects of exercise-induced asthma?
-maximum airflow is reached at lower exercise intensities -end expiratory lung volume is higher -compliance of the lungs at higher lung levels is very low making the work of breathing increase
28
What is the volume of air not participating in gas exchanged termed?
Dead space
29
What is the amount of dead space in a healthy individual?
150ml
30
What does tidal volume - dead space =?
alveolar volume
31
What is the equation for lung capacity?
lung capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
32
What can a spirometry be used to diagnose?
pulmonary disease such as COPD
33
What is force vital capacity?
The maximum volume of air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration
34
How is COPD characterised?
increase airway resistance and a reduced force vital capacity
35
How is the compliance of the lungs difference in someone with COPD?
compliance is lower so takes more pressure to produce a change in volume
36
What are the consequences of living with COPD?
work of breathing is higher
37
What is the result of COPD?
increased breathing discomfort and they are mechanically constrained
38
How many phases does the ventilatory response to constant load steady-state exercise occur in?
-Phase 1- intermediate increase in Ve -Phase 2- exponential increase in Ve -Phase 3- plateau
39
What is hyperpnoea?
PaCo2 regulation due to proportional changes in alveolar ventilation (VA) and metabolic rate (VO2)
40
What is the ventilatory threshold?
the point at which ventilation stops increasing linearly with exercise intensity/workload
41
What is ventilatory threshold sometimes referred to as?
lactate or anaerobic threshold
42
What happens after Tvent (ventilatory threshold) is reached?
VE increases exponentially resulting in hyperventilation
43
What is exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH)?
a reduction in PaO2 of >10mmHg from rest
44
When does EIAH occur?
-in highly trained males during heavy exercise -the majority of females regardless of fitness or exercise intensity
45
Why does EIAH occur?
ventilatory demand exceeds capacity
46
What causes EIAH?
-diffusion limitation -V/Q mismatch (ventilation-perfusion mismatch) -Relative hypoventilation (no dramatic decrease in carbon dioxide pressure)
47
At the onset of exercise what are the changes in VE largely achieved by?
increasing Vr
48
During heavy exercise, what causes Vr to plateau and a further increase in VE?
increased fb (breathing frequency)
49
What is the equation for work?
work = force X volume
50
What is the equation for work when applied to breathing?
work = pressure X volume
51
What is total work the sum of?
elastic, flow-resistive and inertial force
52
What is Oesophageal pressure?
an estimate of pleural pressure and can be used to calculate the mechanical work of breathing during exercise
53
Where are the respiratory central pattern generators located?
within the brainstem (pons and medulla)
54
What are the three main groups of neurons?
-Ventral respiratory group (inspiratory and expiratory) -dorsal respiratory group (inspiratory) -pontine respiratory group (modulatory)
55
What are the central controllers?
brainstem
56
What is the motor output?
resistance muscles and pump muscles
57
what is the feedback inputs?
peripheral chemoreceptors and central chemoreceptors
58
what are feedforward inputs?
muscle afferents and CO2 flow
59
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?
at the aortic arch and carotid body
60
What do peripheral chemoreceptors detect?
-changes in PO2 in blood perfusing systemic and cerebral circulation -relay sensory information to the medulla via vagus nerve and glossopharyngeal
61
What other stimulus activate peripheral chemoreceptor?
Temperature adrenaline CO2
62
Where are central chemoreceptors located?
in the ventral surface of the medulla (the retrotrapezoid nucleus)
63
What is the retrotrapezoid nucleus sensitive to?
change in PaCo2/H
64
What brain sites are sensitive to CO2?
NTS Locus coeruleus Raphe Cerebellum
65
What do chemoreceptors detect?
Error signals
66
What do central and peripheral chemoreceptors increase affect input to the brainstem in response to?
increasing PaCO2 decreasing PaCO2 or pH
67
What do central and peripheral neurogenic stimuli play a major role in?
exercise hyperpnoea
68
What stimulates breathing during exercise?
metabolites accumulation
69
What are the chronic training adaptations that improve aerobic capacity?
-decrease in metabolite accumulation -decrease in afferent feedback -decrease in ventilatory drive
70
How might the pulmonary system limit maximal exercise performance?
-exercise-induced arterial hypoxaemia (EIAH) -exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) -expiratory flow limitation -respiratory muscle fatigue -intrathoracic pressure effects on cardiac output
71
What does Dalton's law state?
the total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of all pressure that each gas would exert independently
72
What do pulmonary arteries carry?
deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs
73
What does gas exchange occur between?
Alveoli and capillaries
74
where is oxygenated blood returned to?
left atrium but the pulmonary vein
75
What does gas exchange require?
a matching of ventilation to blood flow
76
what does it mean if V/Q >1?
under perfused (apex of lung)
77
What does it mean if V/Q <1?
over perfused (base of lung)
78
Why does V/Q improve upon exercise?
-increased tidal volume -increased pulmonary artery pressures
79
What % of oxygen is carried as dissolved and with haemoglobin?
dissolved= 2% bound to haemoglobin = 98%
80
How many oxygen molecules can one haemoglobin transport?
4
81
What is the amount of oxygen transported as oxyhaemoglobin dependent on?
Hbmass
82
What causes a rightward shift in the ODC 'Bohr effect'?
increase in H, CO2 and core body temp
83
What does the Bohr effect facilitate?
unloading of O2 to active tissue
84
What are the characteristics of myoglobin?
-high oxygen affinity -shuttles oxygen from muscle cell membrane to mitochondria from aerobic respiration -provides intramuscular oxygen storage (reserve)
85
What % of CO2 is carried in its different forms?
-dissolved =10% -bound to haemoglobin = 20% -bicarbonate = 70%
86
What is more soluble, O2 or CO2?
CO2 is 20x more soluble that O2
87
How is carboamino Haemoglobin produced?
H binds to Hb forming HHb with binds to CO2
88
What does the increase in CO2 production stimulate and why?
stimulates breathing via a feedback loop by causing an increase in H and decrease in arterial pH

Physiology (24 decks)

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