Week 9 - Diseases of lungs, heart, bv & blood Flashcards
List some diseases of the lungs
Asthma
Iron lungs
COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)
List some diseases of the heart
Heart Murmurs
Cardiomyopathy
List some diseases of the blood vessels
Atherosclerosis
List some diseases of the blood
Iron deficient anaemia
Sickle cell anaemia
Haemophilia
Asthma
Can be allergen or exercise related.
For allergens, the immune response is IGE / immunoglobulin E.
What happens to the smooth muscle in the airway in asthma?
Spasms + contracts = getting bigger + clamping down on airway = smaller lumen.
What happens to the mucosal layer in the airway in asthma?
Swells + become an amorphous shape.
Mucous glands swell + secrete more mucus.
Iron lungs
Mid 1990s - Polio
What does iron lungs/polio do?
Attacks CNS
What could iron lungs / polio result in?
Paralysis
If it affected the lungs = can’t breath
Treatment for iron lungs / polio
Sealed chamber
Pump used to change air pressure in chamber
Resulting in pressure ion lungs changing
Lung pressure less than outside air = Ain in.
What is COPD
A progressive lung disease
What are the types of COPD
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
How can emphysema + chronic bronchitis be caused
Chemical inhalation
Smoking
What happens in emphysema
Alveoli are destroyed
Lose elasticity
What happens in chronic bronchitis
Inflammation of bronchial tube lining
What is the result of emphysema
Difficulty in exhaling
What is the result of chronic bronchitis
Mucus makes it difficult to breath = limited O2 intake
What does emphysema + chronic bronchitis lead to?
E = Progressively worsens over time
CB = Leads to right sided heart failure + oedema
What is oedema
Fluid retention in the body
What are the 2 names for people w/ COPD
Pink puffers
Blue bloaters
Things to look for in pink puffers
Pink skin
Minimal cough
Cachetic appearance
Quiet breathing
Barrel chested
⬆️ minute ventilation
Tachypnea
Tachypnea
Abnormally rapid breathing
Things to look for in blue bloaters
Chronic productive cough
Crackles + wheezes
Obesity
Sputum
Peripheral oedema
Cyanosis
What can heart murmurs be classified as?
Stenosis
Regurgitation
Define stenosis
Valve doesn’t open properly
What happens if stenosis occurs in the aortic valve
Aortic stenosis
In which you would hear weird sounds as the blood isn’t getting into the carotid artery properly.
Define regurgitation
Valve doesn’t close properly. Bf can go back through valve, and you can have a valve prolapse
Define valve prolapse
valve closes the wrong way meaning there could be a leakage or back flow of blood.
What happens during SI of the heart sounds
Cuspid valves close
What happens during S2 of the heart sounds
SL valves close
What happens between SI + S2 of the heart sounds
Systole
What happens between S2 + S1 of the heart sounds
Diastole
If there’s a problem during systole, what possible causes to that could there be?
Could have:
Aortic or pulmonary stenosis
OR
bicuspid or tricuspid regurgitation.
— Also where you would hear that mitral valve prolapse
If there are weird sounds during diastole, what possible causes to that could there be?
Aortic / pulmonary regurgitation or tricuspid stenosis.
Cardiomyopathy
Disease of cardiac muscles
Affects ability of heart to pump
Who is cardiomyopathy more common for
Children / younger ind.
What is cardiomyopathy generally not caused by
Coronary artery disease
high bp
Valvular disease
Congenital heart disease
What are the 5 types of cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic
Dilated
Restricted
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular
Takotsubo / Broken heart
What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Excess thickening of cardiac muscles
What are the causes to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
No obvious cause
What is the result of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Chambers can’t hold as much blood
== Less blood being pumped to body in 1
What is dilated cardiomyopathy
Heart enlarges or dilates
What are the causes to dilated cardiomyopathy
Generally unknown
But can happen in older ind. + caused by excess alcohol
What are the results of dilated cardiomyopathy
Weakens heart –> failure
What is restricted cardiomyopathy
Walls stiffen
What are the causes to restricted cardiomyopathy
Unknown
What are the results to restricted cardiomyopathy
Restricted bf through heart = problems to rest of body
What is Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Cardiac muscle gradually replaced by fibrous + fatty tissue
What are the causes of Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Inherited
What are the results to Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Heart dilates + pumping action is weakened
What is “Takotsubo
(Broken heart)”
Left ventricle swells, changes shape.
What are the causes to “Takotsubo
(Broken heart)”
Emotional or physical stress
What are the results of “Takotsubo
(Broken heart)”
Reduced bf to body = red. O2 + nutrients
What else is there to know about “Takotsubo
(Broken heart)”
Reversible
Short lived
What are the 5 artery types
Branch
Coronary
Iliac
Renal
Femoral
Where do branch arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they’re damaged
Brain
Stroke
Where do CORONARY arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they’re damaged
Heart
Heart attack
Where do iliac arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they’re damaged
Hips + legs
Leg pain when walking (claudication)
Where do renal arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they’re damaged
Kidneys
High bp
Kidney failure
Where do femoral arteries deliver blood to + what is the result when they’re damaged
Leg
Claudication
Amputation
What is atherosclerosis
Growth of fatty streak or lesions w/in bv.
What can damage by atherosclerosis mean
That the elastic recoil function of elastic arteries doesn’t happen. = Blood travels in spurts.
Treatments to atherosclerosis
Angioplasty
Balloon or stent version
Why might iron deficient anaemia occur
Not enough blood
Haemorrhaged
Insufficient Hb
Treatment to iron deficient anaemia
Blood transfusion
Taking more iron
Altering diet
Issues w/ iron deficient anaemia
Tired due to difficult to get O2 to working muscles, shortness of breath + incr. susceptibility to infection.
Cold hands + feet, pale appearance + red bit of eye could become a lot lighter.
Sickle cell anaemia
Genetic disease
RBC changes shape to sickle shape = can’t carry as much O2 + can result in blood clot due to getting stuck in bv.
Haemophilia
More likely top affect males as it affects X chromosome - men only have 1.
Inherited
Lack a clotting factor
What are the 2 types of haemophilia
Type A - low blood clotting factor , factor 8
Type B - low levels of blood clotting, factor 9.
- Need to take clotting factors.
Asthma
For allergens, the immune response is IGE / immunoglobulin E. What do they do?
Attach to a mast cell so the antigen will attach to the IGE antibodies, causing mast cell (full of histamines) to release them into the blood.
== Causing allergic reaction in airways for asthmatics.
